1. WanlessIR. Physioanatomic considerations. In: SchiffER, SorrellMF, MaddreyWC(eds). Schiff's Diseases of the Liver, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003: 17.

2. SherlockS, DooleyJ(eds). Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. 11th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2002: 1.

3. DesmetVJ. Organizational principals. In: AriasIM, BoyerJL, ChisariFV, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 3.

4. SevernCB. A morphological study of the development of the human liver. I. Development of the hepatic diverticulum. Am J Anat1971;131:133. CrossRef

5. LangmanJ. Medical Embryology. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1969: 259.

6. HamiltonWJ, MossmanHW. Human Embryology: Prenatal Development of Form and Function. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1972: 340.

7. ThungSN, GerberMA. Liver. In: SternbergSS(ed). Histology for Pathologists. New York: Raven Press; 1992: 625.

8. CrawfordJM, BurtAD. Anatomy, pathophysiology and basic mechanisms of disease. In: BurtA, PortmannB, FerrellL(eds). MacSween's Pathology of the Liver, 6th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2012: 1–77. CrossRef

9. ZhaoR, DuncanSA. Embryonic development of the liver. Hepatology2005;41. CrossRef

10. JorgensenMJ. The ductal plate malformation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppl1977;257:1.

11. MacSweenRNM, DesmetVJ, RoskamsT, et al. Developmental anatomy and normal structure. In: MacSweenRNM, BurtAD, PortmannBC, et al. (eds). Pathology of the Liver, 4th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2002: 1.

12. EliasH, SherrickJC. Morphology of the Liver. New York: Academic Press; 1969.

13. Van EykenP, SciotR, CalleaV, et al. The development of the intrahepatic bile ducts in man: a keratin‐immunohistochemical study. Hepatology1988;8:1586. CrossRef

14. DuboisAM. The embryonic liver. In: RouillerCL(ed). The Liver. New York: Academic Press; 1963: 1. CrossRef

15. SuchyFJ, BucuvalasJC, NovakDA. Determinants of bile formation during development: ontogeny of hepatic bile acid metabolism and transport. Semin Liver Dis1987;7:77. CrossRef

16. HealeyJEJr, SeyboldWD. A Synopsis of Clinical Anatomy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1969: 168.

17. FernerH, StaubesandJ. Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy. Baltimore, MD: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1983: 124.

18. AgurAMR, LeeMJ. Grant's Atlas of Anatomy. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999: 116.

19. LudwigJ. Current Methods of Autopsy Practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1972.

20. SchulzDM, GiordanoDA, SchultzDH. Weights of organs of fetuses and infants. Arch Pathol1962;74:244.

21. CouinaudC. Surgical Anatomy of the Liver Revisited. Paris: Couinaud; 1989.

22. HealyJEJr, SchroyPC. Anatomy of the biliary ducts within the human liver: analysis of the prevailing pattern of branches and the major variations of the biliary ducts. Arch Surg1953;66:599. CrossRef

23. BismuthH, ChicheL. Surgical anatomy and anatomical surgery of the liver. In: BlumgartLH(ed). Surgery of the Liver and Biliary Tract, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1994: 3.

24. TrutmannM, SasseD. The lymphatics of the liver. Anat Embryol (Berl)1994;190:201. CrossRef

25. GumucioJJ, BerkowitzCM, WebsterST, et al. Structural and functional organization of the liver. In: KaplowitzN(ed). Liver and Biliary Diseases, 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: 3.

26. KanelGC, KorulaJ. Atlas of Liver Pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005.

27. KanelGC, KorulaJ. Liver Biopsy Interpretation. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000.

28. PhillipsMJ, PoucellS, PattersonJ, et al. The Liver: An Atlas and Text of Ultrastructural Pathology. New York: Raven Press; 1987: 1.

29. RohrHP, LuthyJ, GudatF, et al. Stereology of liver biopsies from healthy volunteers. Virchows Arch A1976;371:251. CrossRef

30. StockertRJ, WolkoffAW. Cell biology of vesicular transport in protein synthesis, export, and uptake in the hepatocyte. In: KaplowitzN(ed). Liver and Biliary Diseases, 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: 21.

31. KojimaT, SawadaN, DuffyHS, et al. Gap and tight junctions in liver: composition, regulation, and function. In: AriasIM, BoyerJL, ChisariFV, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 29.

32. BuschH. Nucleus, DNA, and chromatin. In: AriasIM, PopperH, SchacterD, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology. New York: Raven Press; 1982: 73.

33. HimesMM, PollesterAW. Glycogen accumulation in the nucleus. J Histochem Cytochem1962;10:175. CrossRef

34. SobelHJ, SchwartzR, MarquetE, et al. Non viral nuclear inclusions 1. Cytoplasmic invaginations. Arch Pathol (Chic)1969;87:179.

35. PhilipsMJ, SatirP. The cytoskeleton of the hepatocyte: organisation, relationships and pathology. In: AriasIM, JakobyWB, PopperH, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology. New York: Raven Press; 1988: 11.

36. LazaridesE. Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space. Nature1980;283:249. CrossRef

37. FeldmannG. The cytoskeleton of the hepatocyte: structure and functions. J Hepatol1989;8:380. CrossRef

38. Lippincott‐SchwartzJ. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in secretory membrane transport. In: AriasIM, BoyerJL, ChisariFV, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 119.

39. NovikoffPM, YamA. The cytochemical demonstration of GERL in rat hepatocytes during lipoprotein mobilization. J Histochem Cytochem1978;26:1. CrossRef

40. BaintonDF. The discovery of lysosomes. J Cell Biol1981;91(Suppl):66. CrossRef

41. NovikoffAB, NovikoffPM. Lysosomes. In: AriasIM, JakobyWB, PopperH, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology. New York: Raven Press; 1988: 227.

42. RouillerC, BernhardW. Microbodies and the problem of mitochrondrial regeneration in liver cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol1956;2(Suppl):355. CrossRef

43. DeDuveC, BeaufayH, JacquesP, et al. Intracellular localization of catalase and of some oxidases in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta1960;40:186. CrossRef

44. FujiiH, IkuraY, ArimotoJ, et al. Expression of perilipin and adipophilin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; relevance to oxidative injury and hepatocyte ballooning. J Atheroscler Thromb2009;16:893–901. CrossRef

45. BlouinA. Morphometry of liver sinusoidal cells. In: WisseE, KnookKL(eds). Kupffer Cells and Other Liver Sinusoidal Cells. New York: Elsevier; 1977: 61.

46. MottaPM. A scanning electron microscopic study of the rat liver sinusoid. Cell Tissue Res1975;164:371. CrossRef

47. WakeK, DeckerK, KimA, et al. Cell biology and kinetics of Kupffer cells in the liver. Int Rev Cytol1989;118:173. CrossRef

48. WisseE, BraetF, LuoD, et al. Structure and function of sinusoidal lining cells in the liver. Toxicol Pathol1996;24:100. CrossRef

49. NaitoM, HasegawaG, EbeY, et al. Differentiation and function of Kupffer cells. Med Electron Microsc2004;37:16. CrossRef

50. KleinI, CornejoJC, PolakosNK, et al. Kupffer cell heterogeneity: functional properties of bone marrow derived and sessile hepatic macrophages. Blood2007;110:4077. CrossRef

51. Bioulac‐SageP, BalabaudC. The role of hepatic sinusoidal cells in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis1993;13:1. CrossRef

52. SmedsrodB, DeBleserPJ, BraetF, et al. Cell biology of liver endothelial and Kupffer cells. Gut1994;35:1509. CrossRef

53. EnomotoK, NishikawaY, OmoriY, et al. Cell biology and pathology of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Med Electron Microsc2004;37:208. CrossRef

54. BraetF, LuoD, SpectorI, et al. Endothelial and pit cells. In: AriasIM, BoyerJL, ChisariFV, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 437.

55. RollFJ, FriedmanSL. Role of sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, and pit cells in the liver. In: KaplowitzN(ed). Liver and Biliary Diseases, 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: 33.

56. MathewJ, GeertsA, BurtAD. Pathobiology of hepatic stellate cells. Hepatogastroenterology1996;43:72.

57. WakeK. Perisinusoidal stellate cells (fat storing cells, interstitial cells, lipocytes): their related structure in and around the liver sinusoids and vitamin A‐storing cells in extrahepatic organs. Int Rev Cytol1980;66:303. CrossRef

58. RamadoriG. The stellate cell (Ito‐cell, fat storing cell, lipocyte, perisinusoidal cell) of the liver: new insights into an intriguing cell. Virchows Arch B1991;61:147. CrossRef

59. SenooH. Structure and function of hepatic stellate cells. Med Electron Microsc2004;37:3. CrossRef

60. LiD, FriedmanSL. Hepatic stellate cells: morphology, function, and regulation. In: AriasIM, BoyerJL, ChisariFV, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 455.

61. BalabaudC, Biolac‐SageP, DemouliereA. The role of hepatic stellate cells in liver regeneration. J Hepatol2004;40:1023. CrossRef

62. ZhaoL, BurtAD. The diffuse stellate cell system. J Mol Histol2007;38:53. CrossRef

63. FriedmanSL. The cellular basis of hepatic fibrosis. N Engl J Med1993;328:1828. CrossRef

64. GuidoM, RuggeM, ChemelloL, et al. Liver stellate cells in chronic viral hepatitis: the effect of interferon therapy. J Hepatol1996;24:301. CrossRef

65. Bioulac‐SageP, KuiperJ, Van BerkelTJ, et al. Lymphocyte and macrophage populations in the liver. Hepatogastroenterology1996;43:4.

66. WisseE, Van'T NoordendeJM, Van Der MeulenJ, et al. The pit cell: description of a new cell type occurring in rat liver sinusoids and peripheral blood. Cell Tissue Res1976;173:423. CrossRef

67. WinnockM, LafonM‐E, BoulardA, et al. Characterisation of liver‐associated natural killer cells in patients with liver tumours. Hepatology1991;13:676. CrossRef

68. WinnockM, BarcinaMG, LukomskaB, et al. Liver‐associated lymphocytes: role in tumor defense. Semin Liver Dis1993;13:81. CrossRef

69. NakataniK, KanedaK, SekiS, et al. Pit cells as liver‐associated natural killer cells: morphology and function. Med Electron Microsc2004;37:29. CrossRef

70. WisseE, LuoD, VermijlenD, et al. On the function of pit cells, the liver‐specific natural killer cells. Semin Liver Dis1997;17:265. CrossRef

71. BoyerJL, NathansonMH. Bile formation. In: SchiffER, SorrellMF, MaddreyWC(eds). Schiff's Diseases of the Liver, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999: 119.

72. NakanumaY, HosoM, SanzenT, et al. Microstructure and development of the normal and pathologic biliary tract in humans, including blood supply. Microsc Res Tech1997;38:552. CrossRef

73. TsukadaN, AckerleyCA, PhillipsMJ. The structure and organization of the bile canalicular cytoskeleton with special reference to actin and actin‐binding proteins. Hepatology1995;21:1106.

74. NakanumaY, KatayanagiK, TeradaT, et al. Intrahepatic peribiliary glands of humans. I. Anatomy, development and presumed functions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol1994;9:75. CrossRef

75. MallFP. A study of the structural unit of the liver. Am J Anat1906;5:227. CrossRef

76. BlochEH. The termination of hepatic arterioles and the functional unit of the liver as determined by microscopy of the living organ. Ann N Y Acad Sci1970;170:78. CrossRef

77. MatsumotoR, KawakamiM. The unit‐concept of hepatic parenchyma: a re‐examination based on angioarchitectural studies. Acta Pathol Jpn1982;32:285.

78. RappaportAM, BorowyZJ, LougheedWM, et al. Subdivision of hexagonal liver lobules into a structural and functional unit. Role in hepatic physiology and pathology. Anat Rec1954;119:11. CrossRef

79. TeutschHF. The modular microarchitecture of human liver. Hepatology2005;42:317. CrossRef

80. MallFP. On the origin of the lymphatics in the liver. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1901;12:146.

81. McCuskeyRS. Anatomy of efferent hepatic nerves. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol2004;280:808.

82. BerthoudHR. Anatomy and function of sensory hepatic nerves. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol2004;280:827. CrossRef

83. LamersWH, HilbertsA, FurtE, et al. Hepatic enzymic zonation: a reevaluation of the concept of the liver acinus. Hepatology1989;10:72. CrossRef

84. GumucioJJ. Hepatocyte heterogeneity: the coming of age from the description of a biological curiosity to a partial understanding of its physiological meaning and regulation. Hepatology1989;9:154. CrossRef

85. JungermannK, KietzmannT. Zonation of parenchymal and nonparenchymal metabolism in liver. Annu Rev Nutr1996;16:179. CrossRef

86. GebhardtR. Metabolic zonation in the liver: regulation and implications for liver function. Pharmacol Ther1992;53:275. CrossRef

87. JungermannK, KatzN. Functional specialization of different hepatocyte populations. Physiol Rev1989;69:708.

88. JungermannK. Metabolic zonation of liver parenchyma. Semin Liver Dis1988;8:329. CrossRef

89. Vidal‐VanaclochaF(ed). Functional Heterogeneity of Liver Tissue: From Cell Lineage Diversity to Sublobular Compartment‐specific Pathogenesis. Austin: RG Landes; 1997.

90. TorreC, PerretC, ColnotS. Molecular determinants of liver zonation. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci2010;97:127. CrossRef

91. KannoN, LeSageG, GlaserS, et al. Functional heterogeneity of the intrahepatic biliary epithelium. Hepatology2000;31:555. CrossRef

92. UenoY, AlpiniG, YahagiK, et al. Evaluation of differential gene expression by microarray analysis in small and large cholangiocytes isolated from normal mice. Liver Int2003;23:449. CrossRef

93. AlpiniG, PrallRT, LaRussoNF. The pathobiology of biliary epithelia. In: AriasIM, BoyerJL, ChisariFV, et al. (eds). The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 421.

94. SaxenaR, TheiseN. Canals of Hering: recent insights and current knowledge. Semin Liver Dis2004;24:43. CrossRef

95. ZhengYW, TaniguchiH. Diversity of hepatic stem cells in the fetal and adult liver. Semin Liver Dis2003;23:337. CrossRef

96. HerreraMB, BrunoS, ButtiglieriS, et al. Isolation and characterization of a stem cell population from adult human liver. Stem Cells2006;24:2840. CrossRef

97. DalakasE, NewsomePN, HarrisonDJ, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell trafficking in liver injury. FASEB J2005;19:1225. CrossRef

98. ChanRJ, YoderMC. The multiple facets of hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Neurovasc Res2004;1:197. CrossRef

99. CraigCEH, QuagliaA, SeldenC, et al. The histopathology of regeneration in massive hepatic necrosis. Semin Liver Dis2004;24:49. CrossRef

100. FaustoN. Liver regeneration and repair: hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells. Hepatology2004;39:1477. CrossRef

101. RiehleKJ, DanYY, CampbellJS, et al. New concepts in liver regeneration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2011;26:203. CrossRef

102. MichalopoulosGK. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Am J Pathol2010;176:2. CrossRef

103. DuncanAW, DorrellC, GrompeM. Stem cells and liver regeneration. Gastroenterology2009;137:466. CrossRef

104. OverturfK, al‐DhalimyM, OuCN, et al. Serial transplantation reveals the stem‐cell‐like regenerative potential of adult mouse hepatocytes. Am J Pathol1997;151:1273.

105. EleazarJA, MemeoL, JhangJS, et al. Progenitor cell expansion: an important source of hepatocyte regeneration in chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol2004;41:983. CrossRef

106. DemetrisAJ, SeabergEC, WennerbergA, et al. Ductular reaction after submassive necrosis in humans. Special emphasis on analysis of ductular hepatocytes. Am J Pathol1996;149:439.

107. AlisonMR, IslamS, LimS. Stem cells in liver regeneration, fibrosis and cancer: the good, the bad and the ugly. J Pathol2009;217:282. CrossRef

108. GaudioE, CarpinoG, CardinaleV, et al. New insights into liver stem cells. Dig Liver Dis2009;41:455. CrossRef

109. ShafritzDA, OertelM, MenthenaA, et al. Liver stem cells and prospects for liver reconstitution by transplanted cells. Hepatology2006;43:S89. CrossRef

110. PetersenBE, GrossbardB, HatchH, et al. Mouse A6‐positive hepatic oval cells also express several hematopoietic stem cell markers. Hepatology2003;37:632. CrossRef

111. TurnerR, LozoyaO, WangY, et al. Human hepatic stem cell and maturational liver lineage biology. Hepatology2011;53:1035. CrossRef

112. SchmelzerE, WauthierE, ReidLM. The phenotypes of pluripotent human hepatic progenitors. Stem Cells2006;24:1852. CrossRef

113. SchmelzerE, ZhangL, BruceA, et al. Human hepatic stem cells from fetal and postnatal donors. J Exp Med2007;204:1973. CrossRef

114. PetersenBE, BowenWC, PatreneKD, et al. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science1999;284:1168. CrossRef

115. WangX, FosterM, Al‐DhalimyM, et al. The origin and liver repopulating capacity of murine oval cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2003;100:11881. CrossRef

116. DabevaMD, MenthenaA, DebN, et al. Bone marrow progenitors are not the normal source of oval cells in the injured liver. FASEB J2003;17:665.

117. MooreKL, DalleyAFII. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1999.

118. SkandalakisLJ, ColbornGL, GraySW, et al. Surgical anatomy of the liver and extrahepatic biliary tract. In: NyhusLM, BakerRJ(eds). Mastery of Surgery, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown; 1992.