Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky, Michael Camilleri, J.
Gregory Fitz,
Anthony
N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang
1. GaoB, BatallerR. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets. Gastroenterology2011;141:1572. CrossRef
2. AltamiranoJ, BatallerR. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new targets for therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2011;8:491. CrossRef
3. LightbourneTet al., ●●. in press.
4. LuceyMR, MathurinP, MorganTR. Alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med2009;360:2758. CrossRef
5. RoereckeM, RehmJ. Alcohol use disorders and mortality: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction2013;108:1562. CrossRef
6. LimSS, VosT, FlaxmanAD, et al.A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet2012;380:2224. CrossRef
7. PopovaS, RehmJ, PatraJ, et al.Comparing alcohol consumption in central and eastern Europe to other European countries. Alcohol Alcohol2007;42:465. CrossRef
8. RehmJ, BondyS. Alcohol and all‐cause mortality: an overview. Novartis Found Symp1998;216:223, discussion 232‐6.
9. WhitefordHA, DegenhardtL, RehmJ, et al.Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet2013;382:1575. CrossRef
10. ChenCM, YoonYH, YiHY, et al.Alcohol and hepatitis C mortality among males and females in the United States: a life table analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res2007;31:285. CrossRef
11. RoulotD, CostesJL, BuyckJF, et al.Transient elastography as a screening tool for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in a community‐based population aged over 45 years. Gut2011;60:977. CrossRef
12. LefkowitchJH. Morphology of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis2005;9:37. CrossRef
13. AdachiM, BrennerDA. Clinical syndromes of alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis2005;23:255. CrossRef
14. AltamiranoJ, MiquelR, KatoonizadehA, et al.A histologic scoring system for prognosis of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology2014;146:1156. CrossRef
15. BatallerR, NorthKE, BrennerDA. Genetic polymorphisms and the progression of liver fibrosis: a critical appraisal. Hepatology2003;37:493. CrossRef
16. AltamiranoJ, BatallerR. Cigarette smoking and chronic liver diseases. Gut2010;59:1159. CrossRef
17. DayCP. Who gets alcoholic liver disease: nature or nurture? (extended abstract). Acta Gastroenterol Belg2003;66:290, discussion 292‐3.
18. StickelF, OsterreicherCH. The role of genetic polymorphisms in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol2006;41:209. CrossRef
19. HrubecZ, OmennGS. Evidence of genetic predisposition to alcoholic cirrhosis and psychosis: twin concordances for alcoholism and its biological end points by zygosity among male veterans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res1981;5:207. CrossRef
20. Druesne‐PecolloN, TehardB, MalletY, et al.Alcohol and genetic polymorphisms: effect on risk of alcohol‐related cancer. Lancet Oncol2009;10:173. CrossRef
21. ZintzarasE, StefanidisI, SantosM, et al.Do alcohol‐metabolizing enzyme gene polymorphisms increase the risk of alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease?Hepatology2006;43:352. CrossRef
22. LiD, ZhaoH, GelernterJ. Strong protective effect of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2) 504lys (*2) allele against alcoholism and alcohol‐induced medical diseases in Asians. Hum Genet2012;131:725. CrossRef
23. MarcosM, PastorI, Gonzalez‐SarmientoR, et al.Common polymorphisms in interleukin genes (IL4, IL6, IL8 and IL12) are not associated with alcoholic liver disease or alcoholism in Spanish men. Cytokine2009;45:158. CrossRef
24. WangY, HuY, ChaoC, et al.Role of IRAK‐M in alcohol induced liver injury. PLoS ONE2013;8:e57085. CrossRef
25. RoyN, MukhopadhyayI, DasK, et al.Genetic variants of TNFalpha, IL10, IL1beta, CTLA4 and TGFbeta1 modulate the indices of alcohol‐induced liver injury in East Indian population. Gene2012;509:178. CrossRef
26. ZengT, ZhangCL, HanXY, et al.Association between CD14‐159C>T polymorphisms and the risk for alcoholic liver disease: a meta‐analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2013;25:1183.
27. NahonP, SuttonA, PessayreD, et al.Genetic dimorphism in superoxide dismutase and susceptibility to alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2005;3:292. CrossRef
28. MarcosM, PastorI, ChamorroAJ, et al.Meta‐analysis: glutathione‐S‐transferase allelic variants are associated with alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;34:1159. CrossRef
29. TrepoE, NahonP, BontempiG, et al.Association between the PNPLA3 (rs738409 C>G) variant and hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence from a meta‐analysis of individual participant data. Hepatology2014;59:2170. CrossRef
30. FriedrichK, RuppC, HovJR, et al.A frequent PNPLA3 variant is a sex specific disease modifier in PSC patients with bile duct stenosis. PLoS ONE2013;8:e58734. CrossRef
31. DongiovanniP, DonatiB, FaresR, et al.PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism and progressive liver disease. World J Gastroenterol2013;19:6969. CrossRef
32. StickelF, BuchS, LauK, et al.Genetic variation in the PNPLA3 gene is associated with alcoholic liver injury in caucasians. Hepatology2011;53:86. CrossRef
33. JiC, DengQ, KaplowitzN. Role of TNF‐alpha in ethanol‐induced hyperhomocysteinemia and murine alcoholic liver injury. Hepatology2004;40:442. CrossRef
34. BaraonaE, LieberCS. Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res1979;20:289.
35. PengZ, BoreaPA, VaraniK, et al.Adenosine signaling contributes to ethanol‐induced fatty liver in mice. J Clin Invest2009;119:582. CrossRef
36. YouM, CrabbDW. Recent advances in alcoholic liver disease II. Minireview: molecular mechanisms of alcoholic fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2004;287:G1. CrossRef
37. StickelF, SeitzHK. Update on the management of alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis2013;22:189.
38. RonisMJ, KorourianS, BlackburnML, et al.The role of ethanol metabolism in development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat. Alcohol2010;44:157. CrossRef
39. CrabbDW, MatsumotoM, ChangD, et al.Overview of the role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their variants in the genesis of alcohol‐related pathology. Proc Nutr Soc2004;63:49. CrossRef
40. ChedidA, ArainS, SnyderA, et al.The immunology of fibrogenesis in alcoholic liver disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med2004;128:1230.
41. PetrasekJ, MandrekarP, SzaboG. Toll‐like receptors in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract2010;2010:pii:710381.. CrossRef
42. AnL, WangX, CederbaumAI. Cytokines in alcoholic liver disease. Arch Toxicol2012;86:1337. CrossRef
43. InokuchiS, TsukamotoH, ParkE, et al.Toll‐like receptor 4 mediates alcohol‐induced steatohepatitis through bone marrow‐derived and endogenous liver cells in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res2011;35:1509.
44. SzaboG, PetrasekJ, BalaS. Innate immunity and alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis2012;30(Suppl 1):55. CrossRef
45. TanikawaK, SataM. Endotoxin and Kupffer cells in liver disease. Adv Exp Med Biol1990;256:481. CrossRef
46. GaoB. Hepatoprotective and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in alcoholic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2012;27(Suppl 2):89. CrossRef
47. DominguezM, MiquelR, ColmeneroJ, et al.Hepatic expression of CXC chemokines predicts portal hypertension and survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology2009;136:1639. CrossRef
48. Bardag‐GorceF. Proteasome inhibitor treatment in alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol2011;17:2558. CrossRef
49. LemmersA, MorenoC, GustotT, et al.The interleukin‐17 pathway is involved in human alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology2009;49:646. CrossRef
50. PetrasekJ, BalaS, CsakT, et al.IL‐1 receptor antagonist ameliorates inflammasome‐dependent alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. J Clin Invest2012;122:3476. CrossRef
51. BatallerR, BrennerDA. Liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest2005;115:209. CrossRef
52. LindrosKO, JokelainenK, NanjiAA. Acetaldehyde prevents nuclear factor‐kappa B activation and hepatic inflammation in ethanol‐fed rats. Lab Invest1999;79:799.
53. SetshediM, WandsJR, MonteSM. Acetaldehyde adducts in alcoholic liver disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev2010;3:178. CrossRef
54. ZhuH, JiaZ, MisraH, et al.Oxidative stress and redox signaling mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease: updated experimental and clinical evidence. J Dig Dis2012;13:133. CrossRef
55. PaikYH, KimJ, AoyamaT, et al.Role of NADPH Oxidases in Liver Fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal2014;20:2854. CrossRef
56. BatallerR, SchwabeRF, ChoiYH, et al.NADPH oxidase signal transduces angiotensin II in hepatic stellate cells and is critical in hepatic fibrosis. J Clin Invest2003;112:1383. CrossRef
57. PaikYH, SchwabeRF, BatallerR, et al.Toll‐like receptor 4 mediates inflammatory signaling by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology2003;37:1043. CrossRef
58. YiHS, LeeYS, ByunJS, et al.Alcohol dehydrogenase III exacerbates liver fibrosis by enhancing stellate cell activation and suppressing natural killer cells in mice. Hepatology2014;60:1044. CrossRef
59. NovoE, CannitoS, PaternostroC, et al.Cellular and molecular mechanisms in liver fibrogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys2014;548:20. CrossRef
60. NotasG, KisselevaT, BrennerD. NK and NKT cells in liver injury and fibrosis. Clin Immunol2009;130:16. CrossRef
61. BoetticherNC, PeineCJ, KwoP, et al.A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled multicenter trial of etanercept in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology2008;135:1953. CrossRef
62. Morales‐IbanezO, DominguezM, KiSH, et al.Human and experimental evidence supporting a role for osteopontin in alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology2013;58:1742. CrossRef
63. AffoS, DominguezM, LozanoJJ, et al.Transcriptome analysis identifies TNF superfamily receptors as potential therapeutic targets in alcoholic hepatitis. Gut2013;62:452. CrossRef
64. AffoS, Morales‐IbanezO, Rodrigo‐TorresD, et al.CCL20 mediates lipopolysaccharide induced liver injury and is a potential driver of inflammation and fibrosis in alcoholic hepatitis. Gut2014;63:1782. CrossRef
65. ChenP, SchnablB. Host‐microbiome interactions in alcoholic liver disease. Gut Liver2014;8:237. CrossRef
66. SzaboG, BalaS. Alcoholic liver disease and the gut‐liver axis. World J Gastroenterol2010;16:1321. CrossRef
67. KubesP, MehalWZ. Sterile inflammation in the liver. Gastroenterology2012;143:1158. CrossRef
68. GeX, AntoineDJ, LuY, et al.High Mobility Group Box‐1 (HMGB1) Participates in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). J Biol Chem2014;289:22672. CrossRef
69. DubuquoyL, LouvetA, LassaillyG, et al.Progenitor cell expansion and impaired hepatocyte regeneration in explanted livers from alcoholic hepatitis. Gut2015. pii: gutjnl‐2014‐308410; doi: 10.1136/gutjnl‐2014‐308410.
70. Sancho‐BruP, AltamiranoJ, Rodrigo‐TorresD, et al.Liver progenitor cell markers correlate with liver damage and predict short‐term mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology2012;55:1931. CrossRef
71. European Association for the Study of L. EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol2012;57:399. CrossRef
72. HockB, SchwarzM, DomkeI, et al.Validity of carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma‐glutamyltransferase (gamma‐GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non‐alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction2005;100:1477. CrossRef
73. AlataloP, KoivistoH, PuukkaK, et al.Biomarkers of liver status in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol Alcohol2009;44:199. CrossRef
74. MacSweenRN, BurtAD. Histologic spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis1986;6:221. CrossRef
75. ChrostekL, PanasiukA. Liver fibrosis markers in alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol2014;20:8018. CrossRef
76. MuellerS, MillonigG, SarovskaL, et al.Increased liver stiffness in alcoholic liver disease: differentiating fibrosis from steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol2010;16:966. CrossRef
77. GelsiE, DaineseR, TruchiR, et al.Effect of detoxification on liver stiffness assessed by Fibroscan(R) in alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res2011;35:566. CrossRef
78. PennySM. Alcoholic liver disease. Radiol Technol2013;84:577, quiz 593‐5.
79. D'AssigniesG, FontesG, KauffmannC, et al.Early detection of liver steatosis by magnetic resonance imaging in rats infused with glucose and intralipid solutions and correlation to insulin levels. Metabolism2013;62:1850. CrossRef
80. ArmstrongGL, WasleyA, SimardEP, et al.The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann Intern Med2006;144:705. CrossRef
81. ZhangT, LiY, LaiJP, et al.Alcohol potentiates hepatitis C virus replicon expression. Hepatology2003;38:57. CrossRef
82. HajarizadehB, GrebelyJ, DoreGJ. Epidemiology and natural history of HCV infection. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2013;10:553. CrossRef
83. PessioneF, DegosF, MarcellinP, et al.Effect of alcohol consumption on serum hepatitis C virus RNA and histological lesions in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology1998;27:1717. CrossRef
84. CromieSL, JenkinsPJ, BowdenDS, et al.Chronic hepatitis C: effect of alcohol on hepatitic activity and viral titre. J Hepatol1996;25:821. CrossRef
85. BellentaniS, ScaglioniF, CicciaS, et al.HCV, HBV and alcohol – the Dionysos study. Dig Dis2010;28:799. CrossRef
86. BedogniG, MiglioliL, MasuttiF, et al.Natural course of chronic HCV and HBV infection and role of alcohol in the general population: the Dionysos Study. Am J Gastroenterol2008;103:2248. CrossRef
87. WestinJ, LaggingLM, SpakF, et al.Moderate alcohol intake increases fibrosis progression in untreated patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat2002;9:235. CrossRef
88. HassanMM, HwangLY, HattenCJ, et al.Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Hepatology2002;36:1206. CrossRef
89. TaggerA, DonatoF, RiberoML, et al.Case‐control study on hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of HCV genotypes and the synergism with hepatitis B virus and alcohol. Brescia HCC Study. Int J Cancer1999;81:695. CrossRef
90. AnandBS, CurrieS, DieperinkE, et al.Alcohol use and treatment of hepatitis C virus: results of a national multicenter study. Gastroenterology2006;130:1607. CrossRef
91. OhnishiK, IidaS, IwamaS, et al.The effect of chronic habitual alcohol intake on the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: relation to hepatitis B surface antigen carriage. Cancer1982;49:672. CrossRef
92. LinCW, LinCC, MoLR, et al.Heavy alcohol consumption increases the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus‐related cirrhosis. J Hepatol2013;58:730. CrossRef
93. GreenfieldJR, SamarasK, HaywardCS, et al.Beneficial postprandial effect of a small amount of alcohol on diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: modification by insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2005;90:661. CrossRef
94. NaveauS, GiraudV, BorottoE, et al.Excess weight risk factor for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology1997;25:108. CrossRef
95. BatallerR, RomboutsK, AltamiranoJ, et al.Fibrosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol2011;25:231. CrossRef
96. AschaMS, HanounehIA, LopezR, et al.The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology2010;51:1972. CrossRef
97. WoodMJ, PowellLW, RammGA. Environmental and genetic modifiers of the progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis in hemochromatosis. Blood2008;111:4456. CrossRef
98. SorrentinoP, TerraccianoL, D'AngeloS, et al.Oxidative stress and steatosis are cofactors of liver injury in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol2010;45:1053. CrossRef
99. BunchorntavakulC, ReddyKR. Acetaminophen‐related hepatotoxicity. Clin Liver Dis2013;17:587, viii. CrossRef
100. BellBP, ManosMM, ZamanA, et al.The epidemiology of newly diagnosed chronic liver disease in gastroenterology practices in the United States: results from population‐based surveillance. Am J Gastroenterol2008;103:2727, quiz 2737. CrossRef
101. SofairAN, BarryV, ManosMM, et al.The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed alcohol‐related liver disease: results from population‐based surveillance. J Clin Gastroenterol2010;44:301. CrossRef
102. BeckerU, DeisA, SorensenTI, et al.Prediction of risk of liver disease by alcohol intake, sex, and age: a prospective population study. Hepatology1996;23:1025. CrossRef
103. RehmJ, TaylorB, MohapatraS, et al.Alcohol as a risk factor for liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev2010;29:437. CrossRef
104. BellentaniS, SaccoccioG, CostaG, et al.Drinking habits as cofactors of risk for alcohol induced liver damage. The Dionysos Study Group. Gut1997;41:845. CrossRef
105. StokkelandK, HilmG, SpakF, et al.Different drinking patterns for women and men with alcohol dependence with and without alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcohol Alcohol2008;43:39. CrossRef
106. BruhaR, DvorakK, PetrtylJ. Alcoholic liver disease. World J Hepatol2012;4:81. CrossRef
107. JepsenP, OttP, AndersenPK, et al.The clinical course of alcoholic cirrhosis: effects of hepatic metabolic capacity, alcohol consumption, and hyponatremia–a historical cohort study. BMC Res Notes2012;5:509. CrossRef
108. RusynI, BatallerR. Alcohol and toxicity. J Hepatol2013;59:387. CrossRef
109. Gonzalez‐ReimersE, Alonso‐SocasM, Santolaria‐FernandezF, et al.Autonomic and peripheral neuropathy in chronic alcoholic liver disease. Drug Alcohol Depend1991;27:219. CrossRef
110. JepsenP, OttP, AndersenPK, et al.Risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Ann Intern Med2012;156:841, w295. CrossRef
111. KuperH, YeW, BroomeU, et al.The risk of liver and bile duct cancer in patients with chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholism, or cirrhosis. Hepatology2001;34:714. CrossRef
112. O'SheaRS, DasarathyS, McCulloughAJ. Alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol2010;105:14, quiz 33. CrossRef
113. BellH, JahnsenJ, KittangE, et al.Long‐term prognosis of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a 15‐year follow‐up study of 100 Norwegian patients admitted to one unit. Scand J Gastroenterol2004;39:858. CrossRef
114. AddoloratoG, MirijelloA, LeggioL, et al.Management of alcohol dependence in patients with liver disease. CNS Drugs2013;27:287. CrossRef
115. AddoloratoG, LeggioL, FerrulliA, et al.Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol‐dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double‐blind controlled study. Lancet2007;370:1915. CrossRef
116. StickelF, HoehnB, SchuppanD, et al.Review article: Nutritional therapy in alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2003;18:357. CrossRef
117. SingalAK, CharltonMR. Nutrition in alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis2012;16:805. CrossRef
118. MookerjeeRP, LacknerC, StauberR, et al.The role of liver biopsy in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with acute deterioration of alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol2011;55:1103. CrossRef
119. SandahlTD, JepsenP, ThomsenKL, et al.Incidence and mortality of alcoholic hepatitis in Denmark 1999–2008: a nationwide population based cohort study. J Hepatol2011;54:760. CrossRef
120. MurrayKF, CarithersRLJr. AASLD practice guidelines: evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation. Hepatology2005;41:1407. CrossRef
121. CarithersRLJr, HerlongHF, DiehlAM, et al.Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A randomized multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med1989;110:685. CrossRef
122. DunnW, JamilLH, BrownLS, et al.MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology2005;41:353. CrossRef
123. ForrestEH, MorrisAJ, StewartS, et al.The Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score identifies patients who may benefit from corticosteroids. Gut2007;56:1743. CrossRef
124. DominguezM, RinconD, AbraldesJG, et al.A new scoring system for prognostic stratification of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol2008;103:2747. CrossRef
125. SandahlTD, JepsenP, OttP, et al.Validation of prognostic scores for clinical use in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol2011;46:1127. CrossRef
126. PapastergiouV, TsochatzisEA, PieriG, et al.Nine scoring models for short‐term mortality in alcoholic hepatitis: cross‐validation in a biopsy‐proven cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2014;39:721. CrossRef
127. LouvetA, NaveauS, AbdelnourM, et al.The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids. Hepatology2007;45:1348. CrossRef
128. ButterworthRF. Pathophysiology of alcoholic brain damage: synergistic effects of ethanol, thiamine deficiency and alcoholic liver disease. Metab Brain Dis1995;10:1. CrossRef
129. LouvetA, WartelF, CastelH, et al.Infection in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids: early response to therapy is the key factor. Gastroenterology2009;137:541. CrossRef
130. AltamiranoJ, FagundesC, DominguezM, et al.Acute kidney injury is an early predictor of mortality for patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2012;10:65. CrossRef
131. MathurinP, O'GradyJ, CarithersRL, et al.Corticosteroids improve short‐term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: meta‐analysis of individual patient data. Gut2011;60:255. CrossRef
132. AkriviadisE, BotlaR, BriggsW, et al.Pentoxifylline improves short‐term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Gastroenterology2000;119:1637. CrossRef
133. ParkSH, KimDJ, KimYS, et al.Pentoxifylline vs. corticosteroid to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis: A randomised, non‐inferiority, open trial. J Hepatol2014;61:792. CrossRef
134. ForrestE, MellorJ, StantonL, et al.Steroids or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis (STOPAH): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials2013;14:262. CrossRef
135. MathurinP, LouvetA, DuhamelA, et al.Prednisolone with vs without pentoxifylline and survival of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA2013;310:1033. CrossRef
136. Nguyen‐KhacE, ThevenotT, PiquetMA, et al.Glucocorticoids plus N‐acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med2011;365:1781. CrossRef
137. MathurinP, MorenoC, SamuelD, et al.Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med2011;365:1790. CrossRef
138. LuceyMR. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2014;11:300. CrossRef
139. SingalAK, GuturuP, HmoudB, et al.Evolving frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation based on etiology of liver disease. Transplantation2013;95:755. CrossRef
140. SingalAK, HmoudBS, GuturuP, et al.Outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis due to alcohol and hepatitis C: comparison to alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis C cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol2013;47:727. CrossRef
141. IruzubietaP, CrespoJ, FabregaE. Long‐term survival after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol2013;19:9198. CrossRef
142. HerreroJI, PardoF, D'AvolaD, et al.Risk factors of lung, head and neck, esophageal, and kidney and urinary tract carcinomas after liver transplantation: the effect of smoking withdrawal. Liver Transpl2011;17:402. CrossRef
143. PoynardT, NaveauS, DoffoelM, et al.Evaluation of efficacy of liver transplantation in alcoholic cirrhosis using matched and simulated controls: 5‐year survival. Multi‐centre group. J Hepatol1999;30:1130. CrossRef
144. VanlemmensC, Di MartinoV, MilanC, et al.Immediate listing for liver transplantation versus standard care for Child‐Pugh stage B alcoholic cirrhosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med2009;150:153. CrossRef
145. DiMartiniA, DayN, DewMA, et al.Alcohol consumption patterns and predictors of use following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl2006;12:813. CrossRef
146. TandonP, GoodmanKJ, MaMM, et al.A shorter duration of pre‐transplant abstinence predicts problem drinking after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol2009;104:1700. CrossRef
147. DurejaP, LuceyMR. The place of liver transplantation in the treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol2010;52:759. CrossRef
148. EngelsEA, PfeifferRM, FraumeniJFJr, et al.Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA2011;306:1891. CrossRef
149. BurraP, SenzoloM, AdamR, et al.Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in Europe: a study from the ELTR (European Liver Transplant Registry). Am J Transplant2010;10:138. CrossRef
150. MackieJ, GrovesK, HoyleA, et al.Orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: a retrospective analysis of survival, recidivism, and risk factors predisposing to recidivism. Liver Transpl2001;7:418. CrossRef
151. PfitzmannR, SchwenzerJ, RayesN, et al.Long‐term survival and predictors of relapse after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl2007;13:197. CrossRef
152. BerlakovichGA, SteiningerR, HerbstF, et al.Efficacy of liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis with respect to recidivism and compliance. Transplantation1994;58:560. CrossRef
153. DewMA, DiMartiniAF, SteelJ, et al.Meta‐analysis of risk for relapse to substance use after transplantation of the liver or other solid organs. Liver Transpl2008;14:159. CrossRef
154. LuceyMR, TerraultN, OjoL, et al.Long‐term management of the successful adult liver transplant: 2012 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Liver Transpl2013;19:3. CrossRef