Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology

Sixth Edition

Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky,
Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz,
Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang

References

Nutrition supplementation

1. TohSY, ZarshenasN, JorgensenJ. Prevalence of nutrient deficiencies in bariatric patients. Nutrition2009;25:1150. CrossRef

2. DullooAG, JacquetJ. Adaptive reduction in basal metabolic rate in response to food deprivation in humans: a role for feedback signals from fat stores. Am J Clin Nutr1998;68:599.

3. KeysA. Experimental human starvation; general and metabolic results of a loss of one fourth the body weight in six months. Fed Proc1946;5:55.

4. JensenGL, BistrianB, RoubenoffR, et al.Malnutrition syndromes: a conundrum vs continuum. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2009;33:710. CrossRef

5. HillAA, PlankLD, FinnPJ, et al.Massive nitrogen loss in critical surgical illness: effect on cardiac mass and function. Ann Surg1997;226:191. CrossRef

6. O′KeefeSJ, MoldawerLL, YoungVR, et al.The influence of intravenous nutrition on protein dynamics following surgery. Metabolism1981;30:1150. CrossRef

7. O′KeefeSJ, LeeRB, LiJ, et al.Trypsin and splanchnic protein turnover during feeding and fasting in human subjects. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2006;290:G213. CrossRef

8. O′KeefeSJ, LeeRB, AndersonFP, et al.Physiological effects of enteral and parenteral feeding on pancreaticobiliary secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2003;284:G27. CrossRef

9. O′KeefeSJ, WinterTA, NewtonKA, et al.Severe malnutrition associated with alpha‐heavy chain disease: response to tetracycline and intensive nutritional support. Am J Gastroenterol1988;83:995.

10. WinterTA, LemmerER, O′KeefeSJ, et al.The effect of severe undernutrition, and subsequent refeeding on digestive function in human patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2000;12:191. CrossRef

11. BuchmanAL, MoukarzelAA, BhutaS, et al.Parenteral nutrition is associated with intestinal morphologic and functional changes in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1995;19:453. CrossRef

12. O′KeefeSJ, OuJ, DelanyJP, et al.Effect of fiber supplementation on the microbiota in critically ill patients. World J Gastroenterol Pathophysiol2011;2:138. CrossRef

13. O′KeefeSJ. Tube feeding, the microbiota, and Clostridium difficile infection. World J Gastroenterol2010;16:139. CrossRef

14. O′KeefeSJD, OuJ, AufreiterS, et al.Products of the colonic microbiota mediate the effects of diet on colon cancer risk. J Nutr2009;139:2044. CrossRef

15. DonBR, KaysenG. Serum albumin: relationship to inflammation and nutrition. Semin Dial2004;17:432. CrossRef

16. DoweikoJP, NompleggiDJ. The role of albumin in human physiology and pathophysiology, Part III: Albumin and disease states. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1991;15:476. CrossRef

17. O′KeefeSJ, DickerJ. Is plasma albumin concentration useful in the assessment of nutritional status of hospital patients?Eur J Clin Nutr1988;42:41.

18. DetskyAS, McLaughlinJR, BakerJP, et al.What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status?JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1987;11:8. CrossRef

19. WhiteJV, GuenterP, JensenG, et al.Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2012;36:275. CrossRef

20. O′KeefeSJ, El‐ZayadiAR, CarraherTE, et al.Malnutrition and immuno‐incompetence in patients with liver disease. Lancet1980;2:615.

21. BuzbyGP, MullenJL, MatthewsDC, et al.Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery. Am J Surg1980;139:160. CrossRef

22. JohnsonLR, CopelandEM, DudrickSJ, et al.Structural and hormonal alterations in the gastrointestinal tract of parenterally fed rats. Gastroenterology1975;68:1177.

23. KudskKA, MinardG, WojtysiakSL, et al.Visceral protein response to enteral versus parenteral nutrition and sepsis in patients with trauma. Surgery1994;116:516.

24. Abou‐AssiS, CraigK, O′KeefeSJ. Hypocaloric jejunal feeding is better than total parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized comparative study. Am J Gastroenterol2002;97:2255. CrossRef

25. BraunschweigCL, LevyP, SheeanPM, et al.Enteral compared with parenteral nutrition: a meta‐analysis. Am J Clin Nutr2001;74:534.

26. Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med1991;325:525. CrossRef

27. RiceTW, WheelerAP, ThompsonBT, et al.Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA2012;307:795. CrossRef

28. CasaerMP, MesottenD, HermansG, et al.Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med2011;365:506. CrossRef

29. McClaveSA, MartindaleRG, VanekVW, et al.Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2009;33:277. CrossRef

30. BrozekJ, ChapmanCB, KeysA. Drastic food restriction; effect on cardiovascular dynamics in normotensive and hypertensive conditions. J Am Med Assoc1948;137:1569. CrossRef

31. MarikPE, BedigianMK. Refeeding hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients in an intensive care unit. A prospective study. Arch Surg1996;131:1043. CrossRef

32. O′KeefeSJ, LeeRB, LiJ, et al.Trypsin secretion and turnover in patients with acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2005;289:G181. CrossRef

33. O′KeefeS, RolniakS, RainaA, et al.Enteral feeding patients with gastric outlet obstruction. Nutr Clin Pract2012;27:76. CrossRef

34. O′KeefeSJ, FoodyW, GillS. Transnasal endoscopic placement of feeding tubes in the intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2003;27:349. CrossRef

35. PinillaJC, SamphireJ, ArnoldC, et al.Comparison of gastrointestinal tolerance to two enteral feeding protocols in critically ill patients: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2001;25:81. CrossRef

36. MontejoJC, MinambresE, BordejeL, et al.Gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition in ICU patients: the REGANE study. Intensive Care Med2010;36:1386. CrossRef

37. McClaveSA, LukanJK, StefaterJA, et al.Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med2005;33:324. CrossRef

38. LewisSJ, AndersenHK, ThomasS. Early enteral nutrition within 24 h of intestinal surgery versus later commencement of feeding: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Gastrointest Surg2009;13:569. CrossRef

39. O′KeefeSJ. A guide to enteral access procedures and enteral nutrition. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;6:207. CrossRef

40. DrakulovicMB, TorresA, BauerTT, et al.Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial. Lancet1999;354:1851. CrossRef

41. van NieuwenhovenCA, Vandenbroucke‐GraulsC, van TielFH, et al.Feasibility and effects of the semirecumbent position to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia: a randomized study. Crit Care Med2006;34:396. CrossRef

42. BontenMJ, GaillardCA, van der HulstR, et al.Intermittent enteral feeding: the influence on respiratory and digestive tract colonization in mechanically ventilated intensive‐care‐unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1996;154:394. CrossRef

43. SteevensEC, LipscombAF, PooleGV, et al.Comparison of continuous vs intermittent nasogastric enteral feeding in trauma patients: perceptions and practice. Nutr Clin Pract2002;17:118. CrossRef

44. BerneJD, NorwoodSH, McAuleyCE, et al.Erythromycin reduces delayed gastric emptying in critically ill trauma patients: a randomized, controlled trial. J Trauma2002;53:422. CrossRef

45. BoothCM, HeylandDK, PatersonWG. Gastrointestinal promotility drugs in the critical care setting: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med2002;30:1429. CrossRef

46. O′KeefeS, FoodyW, GillS. Transnasal endoscopic placement of feeding tubes in the intensive care unit. J Parenter Enteral Nutr2003;27:349. CrossRef

47. WaitzbergDL, PlopperC, TerraRM. Access routes for nutritional therapy. World J Surg2000;24:1468. CrossRef

48. KullingD, BauerfeindP, FriedM. Transnasal versus transoral endoscopy for the placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes in critically ill patients. Gastrointest Endosc2000;52:506. CrossRef

49. DamoreLJ2nd, AndrusCH, HerrmannVM, et al.Prospective evaluation of a new through‐the‐scope nasoduodenal enteral feeding tube. Surg Endosc1997;11:460. CrossRef

50. BoscoJJ, GordonF, ZeligMP, et al.A reliable method for the endoscopic placement of a nasoenteric feeding tube. Gastrointest Endosc1994;40:740.

51. PatrickPG, MarulendraS, KirbyDF, et al.Endoscopic nasogastric‐jejunal feeding tube placement in critically ill patients. Gastrointest Endosc1997;45:72. CrossRef

52. McClaveSA, ChangWK. Complications of enteral access. Gastrointest Endosc2003;58:739. CrossRef

53. GaudererMW, PonskyJL, IzantRJJr. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique. J Pediatr Surg1980;15:872. CrossRef

54. GibsonSE, WenigBL, WatkinsJL. Complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in head and neck cancer patients. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1992;101:46. CrossRef

55. LarsonDE, BurtonDD, SchroederKW, et al.Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Indications, success, complications, and mortality in 314 consecutive patients. Gastroenterology1987;93:48.

56. PenderSM, CourtneyMG, RajanE, et al.Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy – results of an Irish single unit series. Ir J Med Sci1993;162:452. CrossRef

57. AmannW, MischingerHJ, BergerA, et al.Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). 8 years of clinical experience in 232 patients. Surg Endosc1997;11:741. CrossRef

58. RabeneckL, WrayNP, PetersenNJ. Long‐term outcomes of patients receiving percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes. J Gen Intern Med1996;11:287. CrossRef

59. ItkinM, DeLeggeMH, FangJC, et al.Multidisciplinary practical guidelines for gastrointestinal access for enteral nutrition and decompression from the Society of Interventional Radiology and American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute, with endorsement by Canadian Interventional Radiological Association (CIRA) and Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE). Gastroenterology2011;141:742. CrossRef

60. CairnsA, GeraghtyJ, Al‐RifaiA, et al.Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and ventriculoperitoneal shunts: a dangerous combination?Dig Endosc2009;21:228. CrossRef

61. SaneSS, TowbinA, BergeyEA, et al.Percutaneous gastrostomy tube placement in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Pediatr Radiol1998;28:521. CrossRef

62. McCannRM, HallWJ, Groth‐JunckerA. Comfort care for terminally ill patients. The appropriate use of nutrition and hydration. JAMA1994;272:1263. CrossRef

63. DeLeggeMH, McClaveSA, DiSarioJA, et al.Ethical and medicolegal aspects of PEG‐tube placement and provision of artificial nutritional therapy. Gastrointest Endosc2005;62:952. CrossRef

64. FinucaneTE, ChristmasC, TravisK. Tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA1999;282:1365. CrossRef

65. EisenGM, BaronTH, DominitzJA, et al.Role of endoscopy in enteral feeding. Gastrointest Endosc2002;55:794. CrossRef

66. CaltonWC, MartindaleRG, GoodenSM. Complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Mil Med1992;157:358.

67. SangsterW, CuddingtonGD, BachulisBL. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Am J Surg1988;155:677. CrossRef

68. PonskyJL, GaudererMW, StellatoTA. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Review of 150 cases. Arch Surg1983;118:913. CrossRef

69. HullMA, RawlingsJ, MurrayFE, et al.Audit of outcome of long‐term enteral nutrition by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Lancet1993;341:869. CrossRef

70. GossnerL, KeymlingJ, HahnEG, et al.Antibiotic prophylaxis in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): a prospective randomized clinical trial. Endoscopy1999;31:119. CrossRef

71. LippA, LusardiG. Systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2006;(4):CD005571.

72. ReganJP, DunkinBJ, ChoES, et al.Impact of upper endoscopic survey during percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement. Surg Endosc2002;16:112. CrossRef

73. FoutchPG, TalbertGA, WaringJP, et al.Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with prior abdominal surgery: virtues of the safe tract. Am J Gastroenterol1988;83:147.

74. McCarterTL, CondonSC, AguilarRC, et al.Randomized prospective trial of early versus delayed feeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement. Am J Gastroenterol1998;93:419. CrossRef

75. ChoudhryU, BardeCJ, MarkertR, et al.Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a randomized prospective comparison of early and delayed feeding. Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:164. CrossRef

76. BechtoldML, MattesonML, ChoudharyA, et al.Early versus delayed feeding after placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a meta‐analysis. Am J Gastroenterol2008;103:2919. CrossRef

77. GrantJP. Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with Stamm gastrostomy. Ann Surg1988;207:598. CrossRef

78. BankheadRR, FisherCA, RolandelliRH. Gastrostomy tube placement outcomes: comparison of surgical, endoscopic, and laparoscopic methods. Nutr Clin Pract2005;20:607. CrossRef

79. AdlerDG, GostoutCJ, BaronTH. Percutaneous transgastric placement of jejunal feeding tubes with an ultrathin endoscope. Gastrointest Endosc2002;55:106. CrossRef

80. ShikeM, LatkanyL, GerdesH, et al.Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomies for enteral feeding. Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:536. CrossRef

81. MapleJT, PetersenBT, BaronTH, et al.Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy: outcomes in 307 consecutive attempts. Am J Gastroenterol2005;100:2681. CrossRef

82. ShikeM, SchroyP, RitchieMA, et al.Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy in cancer patients with previous gastric resection. Gastrointest Endosc1987;33:372. CrossRef

83. BuenoJT, SchattnerMA, BarreraR, et al.Endoscopic placement of direct percutaneous jejunostomy tubes in patients with complications after esophagectomy. Gastrointest Endosc2003;57:536. CrossRef

84. StaunM, PironiL, BozzettiF, et al.ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in adult patients. Clin Nutr2009;28:467. CrossRef

85. JohnBK, KhanMA, SpeerhasR, et al.Ethanol lock therapy in reducing catheter‐related bloodstream infections in adult home parenteral nutrition patients: results of a retrospective study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2012;36:603. CrossRef

86. JeppesenPB, HoyCE, MortensenPB. Deficiencies of essential fatty acids, vitamin A and E and changes in plasma lipoproteins in patients with reduced fat absorption or intestinal failure. Eur J Clin Nutr2000;54:632. CrossRef

87. HowardL, AshleyC, LyonD, et al.Autopsy tissue trace elements in 8 long‐term parenteral nutrition patients who received the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration formulation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2007;31:388. CrossRef

88. CheungNW, NapierB, ZaccariaC, et al.Hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Diabetes Care2005;28:2367. CrossRef

89. der VoortPH, FeenstraRA, BakkerAJ, et al.Intravenous glucose intake independently related to intensive care unit and hospital mortality: an argument for glucose toxicity in critically ill patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)2006;64:141. CrossRef

90. LinLY, LinHC, LeePC, et al.Hyperglycemia correlates with outcomes in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Am J Med Sci2007;333:261. CrossRef

91. Van den BergheG, WilmerA, HermansG, et al.Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med2006;354:449. CrossRef

92. PasquelFJ, SpiegelmanR, McCauleyM, et al.Hyperglycemia during total parenteral nutrition: an important marker of poor outcome and mortality in hospitalized patients. Diabetes Care2010;33:739. CrossRef

93. UmpierrezGE, HellmanR, KorytkowskiMT, et al.Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non‐critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2012;97:16. CrossRef

94. BurnesJU, O′KeefeSJ, FlemingCR, et al.Home parenteral nutrition–a 3‐year analysis of clinical and laboratory monitoring. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1992;16:327. CrossRef

95. CavicchiM, BeauP, CrennP, et al.Prevalence of liver disease and contributing factors in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for permanent intestinal failure. Ann Intern Med2000;132:525. CrossRef

96. BuchmanA. Total parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2002;26(5 Suppl):S43. CrossRef

97. JainAK, StollB, BurrinDG, et al.Enteral bile acid treatment improves parenteral nutrition‐related liver disease and intestinal mucosal atrophy in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2012;302:G218. CrossRef

98. OkeefeSJD, HaymondMW, BennetWM, et al.Long‐acting somatostatin analog therapy and protein‐metabolism in patients with jejunostomies. Gastroenterology1994;107:379.

99. OkeefeSJD, PetersonME, FlemingCR. Octreotide as an adjunct to home parenteral‐nutrition in the management of permanent end‐jejunostomy syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1994;18:26. CrossRef

100. GreenbergGR, WolmanSL, ChristofidesND, et al.Effect of total parenteral nutrition on gut hormone release in humans. Gastroenterology1981;80:988.

101. KellyDA. Intestinal failure‐associated liver disease: what do we know today?Gastroenterology2006;130(2 Suppl 1):S70. CrossRef

102. O′KeefeSJ. Bacterial overgrowth and liver complications in short bowel intestinal failure patients. Gastroenterology2006;130(2 Suppl 1):S67. CrossRef

103. O′KeefeSJD, EmerlingM, KoritskyD, et al.Nutrition and quality of life following small intestinal transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol2007;102:1093. CrossRef

104. O′KeefeSJ, BuchmanAL, FishbeinTM, et al.Short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure: consensus definitions and overview. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2006;4:6. CrossRef

105. BuchmanAL. The medical and surgical management of short bowel syndrome. Medgenmed2004;6:12.

106. CarbonnelF, CosnesJ, ChevretS, et al.The role of anatomic factors in nutritional autonomy after extensive small bowel resection. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1996;20:275. CrossRef

107. BuchmanAL. Etiology and initial management of short bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology2006;130(2 Suppl 1):S5. CrossRef

108. VipperlaK, O′KeefeSJ. The microbiota and its metabolites in colonic mucosal health and cancer risk. Nutr Clin Pract2012;27:624. CrossRef

109. BondJH, CurrierBE, BuchwaldH, et al.Colonic conservation of malabsorbed carbohydrate. Gastroenterology1980;78:444.

110. TappendenKA, ThomsonAB, WildGE, et al.Short‐chain fatty acid‐supplemented total parenteral nutrition enhances functional adaptation to intestinal resection in rats. Gastroenterology1997;112:792. CrossRef

111. NordgaardI, HansenBS, MortensenPB. Colon as a digestive organ in patients with short bowel. Lancet1994;343:373. CrossRef

112. HarigJM, SoergelKH, KomorowskiRA, et al.Treatment of diversion colitis with short‐chain‐fatty acid irrigation. N Engl J Med1989;320:23. CrossRef

113. JeejeebhoyKN. Short bowel syndrome: a nutritional and medical approach. CMAJ2002;166:1297.

114. FordtranJS. Stimulation of active and passive sodium absorption by sugars in the human jejunum. J Clin Invest1975;55:728. CrossRef

115. Lennard‐JonesJE. Oral rehydration solutions in short bowel syndrome. Clin Ther1990;12(Suppl A):129, discussion 138.

116. American Gastroenterological Association. AGA medical position statement: short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology2003;124:1105. CrossRef

117. BarillaDE, NotzC, KennedyD, et al.Renal oxalate excretion following oral oxalate loads in patients with ileal disease and with renal and absorptive hypercalciurias. Effect of calcium and magnesium. Am J Med1978;64:579. CrossRef

118. SimkoV, McCarrollAM, GoodmanS, et al.High‐fat diet in a short bowel syndrome. Intestinal absorption and gastroenteropancreatic hormone responses. Dig Dis Sci1980;25:333. CrossRef

119. JolyF, DrayX, CorcosO, et al.Tube feeding improves intestinal absorption in short bowel syndrome patients. Gastroenterology2009;136:824. CrossRef

120. WalesPW, NasrA, de SilvaN, et al.Human growth hormone and glutamine for patients with short bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2010;(6):CD006321.

121. GleesonMH, BloomSR, PolakJM, et al.Endocrine tumour in kidney affecting small bowel structure, motility, and absorptive function. Gut1971;12:773. CrossRef

122. VipperlaK, O′KeefeSJ. Teduglutide for the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2011;5:665. CrossRef

123. JeppesenPB, GilroyR, PertkiewiczM, et al.Randomised placebo‐controlled trial of teduglutide in reducing parenteral nutrition and/or intravenous fluid requirements in patients with short bowel syndrome. Gut2011;60:902. CrossRef

124. JeppesenPB, PertkiewiczM, MessingB, et al.Teduglutide reduces need for parenteral support among patients with short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure. Gastroenterology2012;143:1473. CrossRef

125. O′KeefeSJ, JeppesenPB, GilroyR, et al.Safety and efficacy of teduglutide after 52 weeks of treatment in patients with short bowel intestinal failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2013;11:815. CrossRef

126. BuchmanAL, ScolapioJ, FryerJ. AGA technical review on short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology2003;124:1111. CrossRef

127. Abu‐ElmagdK, ReyesJ, BondG, et al.Clinical intestinal transplantation: a decade of experience at a single center. Ann Surg2001;234:404, discussion 416. CrossRef

128. GrantD, Abu‐ElmagdK, ReyesJ, et al.2003 report of the intestine transplant registry: a new era has dawned. Ann Surg2005;241:607. CrossRef

129. O′KeefeSJ, MatareseL. Small bowel transplantation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep2006;8:360. CrossRef

130. RoveraGM, SchoenRE, GoldbachB, et al.Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation: dynamics of nutritional management and functional autonomy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2003;27:252. CrossRef

131. MeierR, OckengaJ, PertkiewiczM, et al.ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Pancreas. Clin Nutr2006;25:275. CrossRef

132. BanksPA, FreemanML. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of G. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol2006;101:2379. CrossRef

133. MirtalloJM, ForbesA, McClaveSA, et al.International consensus guidelines for nutrition therapy in pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2012;36:284. CrossRef

134. KaushikN, PietraszewskiM, HolstJJ, et al.Enteral feeding without pancreatic stimulation. Pancreas2005;31:353. CrossRef

135. HegaziR, RainaA, GrahamT, et al.Early jejunal feeding initiation and clinical outcomes in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2011;35:91. CrossRef

136. Al‐OmranM, AlbalawiZH, TashkandiMF, et al.Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2010;(1):CD002837.

137. O′KeefeSJD, LeeRB, LiJ, et al.Trypsin secretion and turnover in patients with acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2005;289:G181. CrossRef

138. SegalD, MichaudL, GuimberD, et al.Late‐onset complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2001;33:495. CrossRef

139. SheykholeslamiK, ThomasJ, ChhabraN, et al.Metastasis of untreated head and neck cancer to percutaneous gastrostomy tube exit sites. Am J Otolaryngol2012;33:774. CrossRef

140. MaccabeeD, SheppardBC. Prevention of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy stoma metastases in patients with active oropharyngeal malignancy. Surg Endosc2003;17:1678. CrossRef

141. PickhardtPJ, RohrmannCAJr, CossentinoMJ. Stomal metastases complicating percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: CT findings and the argument for radiologic tube placement. AJR Am J Roentgenol2002;179:735. CrossRef

142. HwangJH, KimHW, KangDH, et al.A case of endoscopic treatment for gastrocolocutaneous fistula as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Clin Endoscopy2012;45:95. CrossRef

143. YamazakiT, SakaiY, HatakeyamaK, et al.Colocutaneous fistula after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a remnant stomach. Surg Endosc1999;13:280. CrossRef

144. MatareseLE, JeppesenPB, O′KeefeSJ. Short bowel syndrome in adults: the need for an interdisciplinary approach and coordinated care. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2014;38:60S. CrossRef

145. DowlingRH. Compensatory changes in intestinal absorption. Br Med Bull1967;23:275.

146. SpillerRC, TrotmanIF, AdrianTE, et al.Further characterisation of the ′ileal brake′ reflex in man–effect of ileal infusion of partial digests of fat, protein, and starch on jejunal motility and release of neurotensin, enteroglucagon, and peptide YY. Gut1988;29:1042. CrossRef

147. MatareseLE, CostaG, BondG, et al.Therapeutic efficacy of intestinal and multivisceral transplantation: survival and nutrition outcome. Nutr Clin Pract2007;22:474. CrossRef

148. MatareseLE. Nutrition and fluid optimization for patients with short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2013;37:161. CrossRef