Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky, Michael Camilleri, J.
Gregory Fitz,
Anthony
N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang
1. BeckerAE, GrinspoonSK, KlibanskiA, et al.Eating disorders. N Engl J Med1999;340:1092. CrossRef
2. American Psychiatric Association. Feeding and eating disorders. In: American Psychiatric Association(ed). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry2000;157(4 Suppl):1. CrossRef
4. FisherM. Treatment of eating disorders in children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatr Rev2006;27:5. CrossRef
5. MorrisJ, TwaddleS. Anorexia nervosa. BMJ2007;334:894. CrossRef
6. KreipeRE, BirndorfSA. Eating disorders in adolescents and young adults. Med Clin North Am2000;84:1027, viii. CrossRef
7. BeckD, CasperR, AndersenA. Truly late onset of eating disorders: a study of 11 cases averaging 60 years of age at presentation. Int J Eat Disord1996;20:389. CrossRef
8. American Psychiatric Association. Eating disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000: 583.
9. EaglesJM, JohnstonMI, HunterD, et al.Increasing incidence of anorexia nervosa in the female population of northeast Scotland. Am J Psychiatry1995;152:1266. CrossRef
10. LucasAR, CrowsonCS, O'FallonWM, et al.The ups and downs of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord1999;26:397. CrossRef
11. FombonneE. Anorexia nervosa. No evidence of an increase. Br J Psychiatry1995;166:462. CrossRef
12. SteinhausenHC. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry2002;159:1284. CrossRef
13. FamuyiwaOO. Anorexia nervosa in two Nigerians. Acta Psychiatr Scand1988;78:550. CrossRef
14. BinitieA, Osaghae, AkenzuaOA. A case report of anorexia nervosa. Afr J Med Med Sci2000;29:175.
15. RiegerE, TouyzSW, SwainT, et al.Cross‐cultural research on anorexia nervosa: assumptions regarding the role of body weight. Int J Eat Disord2001;29:205. CrossRef
16. CragoM, ShisslakCM, EstesLS. Eating disturbances among American minority groups: a review. Int J Eat Disord1996;19:239. CrossRef
17. GardMC, FreemanCP. The dismantling of a myth: a review of eating disorders and socioeconomic status. Int J Eat Disord1996;20:1. CrossRef
18. PikeKM, WalshBT. Ethnicity and eating disorders: implications for incidence and treatment. Psychopharmacol Bull1996;32:265.
19. SlabyA, DwengerR. History of Anorexia Nervosa. Vol. 1. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1993. CrossRef
20. LucasAR. Anorexia nervosa: historical background and biopsychosocial determinants. Semin Adolesc Med1986;2:1.
21. BruchH. Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychosom Med1962;24:187. CrossRef
22. RussellG. Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med1979;9:429. CrossRef
23. SoderstenP, BerghC, ZandianM. Understanding eating disorders. Horm Behav2006;50:572. CrossRef
24. CashTF, DeagleEA3rd.The nature and extent of body‐image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a meta‐analysis. Int J Eat Disord1997;22:107. CrossRef
25. RavaldiC, VannacciA, ZucchiT, et al.Eating disorders and body image disturbances among ballet dancers, gymnasium users and body builders. Psychopathology2003;36:247. CrossRef
26. LautenbacherS, ThomasA, RoscherS, et al.Body size perception and body satisfaction in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Behav Res Ther1992;30:243. CrossRef
27. LewisV, DonaghueN. Self‐deprecation and estimates of body size in women. Percept Mot Skills1999;89:165. CrossRef
28. NelsonCL, GidyczCA. A comparison of body image perception in bulimics, restrainers, and normal women: an extension of previous findings. Addict Behav1993;18:503. CrossRef
29. PietrowskyR, StraubK, HachlP. Body dissatisfaction in female restrained eaters depends on food deprivation. Appetite2003;40:285. CrossRef
30. VocksS, LegenbauerT, HeilA. Food intake affects state body image: impact of restrained eating patterns and concerns about eating, weight and shape. Appetite2007;49:467. CrossRef
31. ThompsonJK, CoovertDL, PasmanLN, et al.Body image and food consumption: three laboratory studies of perceived calorie content. Int J Eat Disord1993;14:445. CrossRef
32. HalmiK, SundayS, PuglisiA, et al.Hunger and satiety in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Ann NY Acad Sci1989;575:431. CrossRef
33. HetheringtonM, RollsB. Dysfunctional eating in eating disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am2001;24:235. CrossRef
34. LappalainenR, SjodenP, HurstiT, et al.Hunger/craving responses and reactivity to food stimuli during fasting and dieting. Int J Obes1990;14:679.
35. ShaabanSY, NassarMF, SawabyAS, et al.Ultrasonographic gastric emptying in protein energy malnutrition: effect of type of meal and nutritional recovery. Eur J Clin Nutr2004;58:972. CrossRef
36. PolivyJ, ZeitlinSB, HermanCP, et al.Food restriction and binge eating: a study of former prisoners of war. J Abnorm Psychol1994;103:409. CrossRef
37. PolivyJ, HermanCP. Dieting and binging. A causal analysis. Am Psychol1985;40:193. CrossRef
38. BruchH. Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa and the Person Within. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
39. SchwabeAD, LippeBM, ChangRJ, et al.Anorexia nervosa. Ann Intern Med1981;94:371. CrossRef
40. HalmiK, SundayS. Temporal patterns of hunger and fullness ratings and related cognitions in anorexia and bulimia. Appetite1991;16:219. CrossRef
41. ThorntonC, RussellJ. Obsessive compulsive comorbidity in the dieting disorders. Int J Eat Disord1997;21:83. CrossRef
42. SoderstenP, BerghC, ZandianM. Psychoneuroendocrinology of anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology2006;31:1149. CrossRef
43. KayeWH, KlumpKL, FrankGK, et al.Anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Annu Rev Med2000;51:299. CrossRef
44. StroberM, FreemanR, MorrellW. The long‐term course of severe anorexia nervosa in adolescents: survival analysis of recovery, relapse, and outcome predictors over 10–15 years in a prospective study. Int J Eat Disord1997;22:339. CrossRef
45. SullivanPF. Mortality in anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry1995;152:1073. CrossRef
46. HerzogDB, DorerDJ, KeelPK, et al.Recovery and relapse in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a 7.5‐year follow‐up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry1999;38:829. CrossRef
47. LoweB, ZipfelS, BuchholzC, et al.Long‐term outcome of anorexia nervosa in a prospective 21‐year follow‐up study. Psychol Med2001;31:881. CrossRef
48. KeelPK, MitchellJE, MillerKB, et al.Long‐term outcome of bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry1999;56:63. CrossRef
49. LealA, MoreiraA. Food and the circadian activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. Braz J Med Biol Res1997;30:1391. CrossRef
50. LieterL, MarlissE. Survival during fasting may depend on fat as well as protein stores. JAMA1982;248:2036.
51. BrennanMF. Uncomplicated starvation vs. cancer cachexia. Cancer Res1977;37:2359.
52. MelchiorJC. From malnutrition to refeeding during anorexia nervosa. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care1998;1:481. CrossRef
53. RigaudD, MoukaddemM, CohenB, et al.Refeeding improves muscle performance without normalization of muscle mass and oxygen consumption in anorexia nervosa patients. Am J Clin Nutr1997;65:1845.
54. EliaM, LunnP. Biological markers of protein energy malnutrition. Clin Nutr1997;16(Suppl 1):11. CrossRef
55. GrimbleRF. Fasting in healthy individuals and adaption to undernutrition during chronic disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care1998;1:369. CrossRef
56. OwenOE, MorganAP, KempHG, et al.Brain metabolism during fasting. J Clin Invest1967;46:1589. CrossRef
57. KeysA. The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 1950.
58. HebebrandJ, ExnerC, HebebrandK, et al.Hyperactivity in patients with anorexia nervosa and in semistarved rats: evidence for a pivotal role of hypoleptinemia. Physiol Behav2003;79:25. CrossRef
59. MistlbergerR, RusakB. Palatable daily meals entrain anticipatory activity rhythms in free‐feeding rats:dependence on meal size and nutrient content. Physiol Behav1987;41:219. CrossRef
60. FesslerD. Pseudoparadoxical impulsivity in restrictive anorexia nervosa: a consequence of te logic of scarcity. Int J Eat Disord2002;31:376. CrossRef
61. HallJ, HanforsP. Activity as a function of a restricted feeding schedule. J Comp Physiol Psychol1954;47:362. CrossRef
62. TakedaH, TsujiM, HayashiM, et al.Pathophysiologic characteristics of the activity‐stress paradigm in animal models: inhibitory effect of glucose on these responses. Nutr Rev2003;61:S75. CrossRef
63. KayeW, WeltzinT, HsuLB, et al.Patients with anorexia nervosa have elevated scores on the Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale. Int J Eat Disord1992;12:57. CrossRef
64. HottaM, ShibasakiT, MasudaA, et al.The response of plasma adrenal corticotropin and cortisol to corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactivity CRH in anorexia nervosa patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1986;62:319. CrossRef
65. ZhangY, ProencaR, MaffeiM, et al.Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human analogue. Nature1994;372:425. CrossRef
66. PeraniD, ColomboC, BressiS, et al.[18F]FDG PET study in obsessive compulsive disorder. A clinical/metabolic correlation study after treatment. Br J Psychiatry1995;166:244. CrossRef
67. ConsidineR, SinhaM, HeimanM, et al.Serum immunoreactive‐leptin concentrations in normal‐weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med1996;334:292. CrossRef
68. AhimaR, PrabakaranD, MantzorosC, et al.Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature1996;382:250. CrossRef
69. ChanJ, HeistK, DePaoliA, et al.The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short‐term starvation in healthy man. J Clin Invest2003;111:1409. CrossRef
70. ChanJ, MantzorosS. Role of leptin in energy‐deprivation states: normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa. Lancet2005;366:74. CrossRef
71. BodenG, ChenX, MozzoliM, et al.Effect of fasting on serum leptin in normal human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1996;81:3419.
72. HebebrandJ, BlumW, BarthN, et al.Leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa are reduced in the acute stage and elevated upon short‐term weight restoration. Mol Psychiatry1997;2:220. CrossRef
73. MantzorosC, FlierJ, LesemM, et al.Cerebrospinal fluid leptin in anorexia nervosa, correlation with nutritional status and potential role in resistance to weight gain. J Clin Enocrinol Metab1997;82:1845.
74. FockerM, TimmesfeldN, ScheragS, et al.Screening for anorexia nervosa via measurement of serum leptin levels. J Neural Transm2011;118:571. CrossRef
75. KrizovaJ, PapezovaH, HaluzikovaD, et al.Soluble leptin receptor levels in patients with anorexia nervosa. Endocr Res2002;28:199. CrossRef
76. MonteleoneP, LietoAD, TortorellaA, et al.Circulating leptin in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge‐eating disorder, relationship to body weight, eating patterns, psychopathology and endocrine changes. Psychiatry Res2002;94:121. CrossRef
77. LawsonE, MillerK, BlumJ, et al.Leptin levels are associated with decreased depressive symptoms in women across the weight spectrum, independent of body fat. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)2012;76:520. CrossRef
78. CameronJ, WeltzinT, McConahaC, et al.Slowing of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in man after 48 hours of fasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1991;73:35. CrossRef
79. VeldhuisJ, IranmaneshA, EvansW, et al.Amplitude suppression of the pulsatile mode of immunoradiometric luteinizing hormone release in fasting induced hypoandrogenemia in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1993;76:587.
80. KazisK, IglesiasE. The female athlete triad. Adolesc Med2003;14:87.
81. PerkinsR, HallJ, MartinK. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in hypothalamic amenorrhea: sepctrum, stability, and response to neurotransmitter modulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1999;84:1905.
82. LoucksA, LaughlinG, MortolaJ, et al.Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid function in eumenorrheic and amenorrheic athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1992;75:514.
83. BergaS, MortolaJ, GirtonL, et al.Neuroendocrine operations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1989;68:301. CrossRef
84. ExnerC, HebebrandJ, RemschmidtH, et al.Leptin suppresses semi‐starvation induced hyperactivity in rats: implications for anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry2000;5:476. CrossRef
85. HoltkampK, Herpertz‐DahlmannB, MikaC, et al.Elevated physical activity and low leptin levels co‐occur in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003;88:5169. CrossRef
86. HillebrandJJ, KoenersM, de RijkeC, et al.Leptin treatment in activity‐based anorexia. Biol Psychiatry2005;58:165. CrossRef
87. VerhagenL, LuijendijkM, AdanR. Leptin reduces hyperactvity in an animal model for anorexia nervosa via the ventral tegmental area. Eur Neuropsychopharm2011;21:274. CrossRef
88. HassV, OnurS, PaulT, et al.Leptin and body weight regulation in patients with anorexia nervosa before and during weight recovery. Am J Clin Nutr2005;81:889.
89. TagamiT, SatohN, UsuiT, et al.Adiponectin in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2004;89:1833. CrossRef
90. SchererP, WilliamsS, FoglianoM, et al.A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem1995;270:26746. CrossRef
91. MilanG, GranzottoM, ScardaA, et al.Regional adipose tissue differences of resistin and adiponectin expression in genetically obese rats: effect of weight loss. Obes Res2002;10:1095. CrossRef
92. YangW, LeeW, FunahashiT, et al.Weight reduction increases plasma levels of adipose‐derived anti‐inflammatory protein, adiponectin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2001;86:3815. CrossRef
93. DelporteM, BrichardS, HermansM, et al.Hyperadiponectinemia in anorexia nervosa. Clin Endocrinol2003;58:22. CrossRef
94. PannacciulliN, VetterR, MilanG, et al.Anorexia nervosa is characterized by increased adiponectin plasma levels and reduced non‐oxidative glucose metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003;88:1748. CrossRef
95. OndrakK, HackneyA. Body composition difference in normal weight, obese‐overweight and anorexic adolescents: role of adipocytokines. Med Sport Sci2010;55:32. CrossRef
96. AmitaniH, AsakawaA, OgisoK, et al.The role of adiponectin multimers in anorexia nervosa. Nutr Rev2013;29:203.
97. NogueiraJ, MaraninchiM, LorecA, et al.Specific adipocytokines profiles in patients with hyperactive and/or binge/purge form of anorexia nervosa. Eur J Clin Nutr2010;64:640. CrossRef
98. BrichardS, DelporteM, LambertM. Adipocytokines in anorexia nervosa: a review focusing on leptin and adiponectin. Horm Metab Res2003;35:337. CrossRef
99. TerraX, AuguetT, AgueraZ, et al.Adipocytokine levels in women with anorexia nervosa; Relationship with weight restoration and disease duration. Int J Eat Disord2013;46:855. CrossRef
100. KishiT, ElmquistJ. Body weight is regulated by the brain: a link between feeding and emotion. Mol Psychiatry2005;10:132. CrossRef
101. GoldstoneA, UnmehopaU, BloomS, et al.Hypothalamic NPY and agouti‐related protein are increased in human illness but not in Prader‐Willi Syndrome and other obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2002;87:927. CrossRef
102. Acuna‐GoycoleaC, van den PolA. Peptide YY (3–36) inhibits both anorexigeneic proopiomelanocortin and orexigeneic neuropeptide Y neurons: implications for hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis. J Neurosci2005;25:10510. CrossRef
103. ElmquistJ, CoppariR, BalthasarN, et al.Identifying hypothalamic pathways controlling food intake, body weight, and glucose homeostasis. J Comp Neurol2005;493:63. CrossRef
104. DhillonH, ZigmanJ, YeC, et al.Leptin directly activates SF1 neurons in the VMH, and this action by leptin is required for normal body weight homeostasis. Neuron2006;49:191. CrossRef
105. GendallK, KayeW, AlemusM, et al.Leptin, neuropeptide Y, peptide YY in long‐term recovered eating disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry1999;46:292. CrossRef
106. NergardhR, AmmarA, BrodinU, et al.Neuropeptide Y facilitates activity‐based anorexia. Psychoneuroendocrinology2007;32:493. CrossRef
107. Keen‐RhinehartE, BartnessT. NPY‐Y1 receptor is involved in ghrelin and fasting induced increases in foraging, food hording and intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2007;292:R1728. CrossRef
108. MorleyJ, LevineA, GosnellB, et al.Effect of neuropeptide Y on ingestive behavior in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol1987;21:R599.
109. WangT, HungCC, RandallDJ. The comparative physiology of food deprivation: from feast to famine. Annu Rev Physiol2006;68:223. CrossRef
110. AmmarA, SederholmF, SaitoT, et al.NPY‐leptin: opposing effects on appetite and consumatory ingestive behavior and sexual behavior. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2000;278:R1627.
111. AmmarA, NergardhR, FredholmB, et al.Intake inhibition by NPY and CCK‐8: a challenge of the notion of NPY as a “orexigen”. Behav Brain Res2005;161:82. CrossRef
112. SederholmF, AmmarA, SoderstenP. Intake inhibition of NPY: role of appetitive ingestive behavior and aversion. Physiol Behav2002;75:567. CrossRef
113. SchneiderJ. Metabolic and hormonal control of the desire for food and sex: implications for obesity and eating disorders. Horm Behav2006;50:562. CrossRef
114. TappeK, GerbergS, ShideD, et al.Videotape assessment of changes in aberrant meal time behavior in anorexia nervosa after treatment. Appetite1998;30:171. CrossRef
115. TolleV, KademM, Bluet‐PajotM, et al.Balance of ghrelin and leptin plasma leels in anorexia nervosa patients and constitutionally thin women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003;88:109. CrossRef
116. MiljicD, PekicS, DjurovicM, et al.Ghrelin has partial or no effect on appetite, growht hormone, prolactin and cortisol releae in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2006;91:1491. CrossRef
117. Karczewska‐KupczewskaM, StraczkowskiM, AdamskaA, et al.Increased suppression of serum ghrelin concentration by hyperinsulinemia in women with anorexia nervosa. Eur J Endocriniol2010;162:235. CrossRef
118. CortrightR, KovesT. Sex differences in substrate metabolism and energy homeostasis. Can J Appl Physiol2000;25:288. CrossRef
119. HoyengaK, HoyengaK. Gender and energy balance: sex differences in adaptation for feast and famine. Physiol Behav1982;28:545. CrossRef
120. BirminghamC, SuJ, HlynskyJ, et al.The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord2005;38:143. CrossRef
121. MitchellJ, CrowS. Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Curr Opin Psychiatry2006;19:438. CrossRef
122. KatzmanD. Medical complications in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord2005;37:S52. CrossRef
123. StacherG. Gut function in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Scand J Gastroenterol2003;6:573.
124. HadleyS, WalshB. Gastrointestinal disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord2003;2:1. CrossRef
125. ZipfelS, SammetI, RappsN, et al.Gastrointestinal disturbances in eating disorders: clinical and neurobiological aspects. Auton Neurosci2006;129:99. CrossRef
126. RodinJ, BartoshukL, PetersonC, et al.Bulimia and taste: possible interactions. J Abnorm Psychol1990;99:32. CrossRef
127. RobbND, SmithBG, Geidrys‐LeeperE. The distribution of erosion in the dentitions of patients with eating disorders. Br Dent J1995;178:171. CrossRef
128. SimmonsMS, GraydenSK, MitchellJE. The need for psychiatric‐dental liaison in the treatment of bulimia. Am J Psychiatry1986;143:783. CrossRef
129. RytomaaI, JarvinenV, KanervaR, et al.Bulimia and tooth erosion. Acta Odontol Scand1998;56:36. CrossRef
130. SpigsetO. Oral symptoms in bulimia nervosa. A survey of 34 cases. Acta Odontol Scand1991;49:335. CrossRef
131. HoltS, FordM, GrantS, et al.Abnormal gastric emptying in primary anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry1981;139:550. CrossRef
132. McCallumR, GrillB, LangeR, et al.Defination of a gastric emptying abnormality in anorexia nervosa. Dig Dis Sci1985;30:713. CrossRef
133. StacherG, BergmannH, WiesnagrotzkiS, et al.Intravenous cisapride accelerates delayed gastric emptying and increases antral contraction amplitude in patients with primary anorexia nervosa. Gastroenterology1987;92:1000.
134. AbellT, MalageladaJ, LucasA. Gastric electromechanical and neurohormonal function in anorexia nervosa. Gastroenterology1987;93:958.
135. RobinsonP, ClarkeM, BarrettJ. Determinants of delayed gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Gut1988;29:458. CrossRef
136. DeCaprioC, PasanisiF, ContaldoF. Gastrointestinal complications in a patient with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord2000;5:228. CrossRef
137. KamalN, ChamiT, AndersenA, et al.Delayed gastrointestinal transit times in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Gastroenterology1991;101:1320.
138. DuboisA, GorssH, EbertM, et al.Altered gastric emptying and secretion in primary anorexia nervosa. Gastroenterology1979;77:319.
139. RigaudD, BedigG, MerroucheM, et al.Delayed gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa is improved by completion of a renutrition program. Dig Dis Sci1988;33:919. CrossRef
140. DuboisA, GrossJ, RichterJ, et al.Effect of bethanechol on gastric functions in primary anorexia nervosa. Dig Dis Sci1981;26:598. CrossRef
141. GeliebterA, MeltonP, McCrayR, et al.Gastric capacity, gastric emptying, and test meal intake in normal and bulimic women. Am J Clin Nutr1992;56:656.
142. InuiA, OkanoH, MiyamotoM, et al.Delayed gastric emptying in bulimic patients. Lancet1995;346:10240. CrossRef
143. KochK, BingamanS, TanL, et al.Visceral perceptions and gastric myoelectrical activity in healthy women and patients with bulimia nervosa. Neurogastroenterol Motil1998;10:3. CrossRef
144. HutsonW, WaldA. Gastric emptying in patients with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Am J Gastroenterol1990;85:41.
145. SmithG, GibbsJ. Satiating effects of cholecystokinin. Ann N Y Acad Sci1994;713:236. CrossRef
146. GeraciotiT, LiddleR. Impaired cholecystokinin secretion in bulimia nervosa. N Engl J Med1988;319:683. CrossRef
147. DevlinM, WalshB, GussJ, et al.Postprandial cholecystokinin release and gastric emptying in patients with bulimia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr1997;65:114.
148. ChiarioniG, BassottiG, MonsignoriA, et al.Anorectal dysfunction in constipated women with anorexia nervosa. Mayo Clin Proc2000;75:1015. CrossRef
149. ChunA, SokolM, KayeW, et al.Colonic and anorectal function in constipated patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Gastroenterol1997;92:1879.
150. CasieroD, FrishmanW. Cardiovascular complications of eating disorders. Cardiol Rev2006;14:227. CrossRef
151. MillerK, GrinspoonS, CiampaJ, et al.Medical findings in outpatients with anorexia nervosa. Ann Intern Med2005;165:561. CrossRef
152. VasquezM, OlivaresJ, FletaJ, et al.Cardiac disorders in young women with anorexia nervosa. Rev Esp Cardiol2003;56:669. CrossRef
153. SwenneI, LarssonP. Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and dispersion. Acta Paediatr1999;88:304. CrossRef
154. GalettaF, FranzoniF, CupistiA, et al.QT interval dispersion in young women with anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr2002;140:456. CrossRef
155. GalettaF, FranzoniF, PrattichizzoF, et al.Heart rate variability and left ventricular diastolic function in anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health2003;32:416. CrossRef
156. OlivaresJ, VazquezM, FletaJ, et al.Cardiac findings in adolescents with anorexia nervosa at diagnosis and after weight reduction. Eur J Pediatr2005;164:383. CrossRef
157. RomanoC, ChinaliM, PasanisiF, et al.Reduced hemodynamic load and cardiac hypotrophy in patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr2003;77:308.
158. BachrachL, GuidoD, KatzmanD, et al.Decreased bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Pediatrics1990;86:440.
159. RigottiN, NeerR, SkatesS, et al.The clinical course of osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa. JAMA1991;265:1133. CrossRef
160. MisraM, KlibanskiA. Anorexia nervosa and osteoporosis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord2006;7:91. CrossRef
161. MillerK. Mechanisms by which nutriitonal disorders cuase reduced bond mass in adults. J Women's Health2003;12:145. CrossRef
162. GrinspoonS, BaumH, PetersonS, et al.Effects of rhIGF‐1 administration on bone turnover during short‐term fasting. J Clin Invest1995;96:900. CrossRef
163. FrischR, McArthurJ. Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science1974;185:949. CrossRef
164. WisemanC, HarrisW, HalmiK. Eating disorders. Med Clin North Am1998;82:145. CrossRef
165. BeaumontP, BeardwoodC, RusselG. The occurence of the syndrome of anorexia nervosa in male subjects. Psychol Med1972;2:216. CrossRef
166. GoldP, GwirtsmanH, AvgerinosP, et al.Abnormal hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal function in anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med1986;314:1335. CrossRef
167. FrankelR, JenkinsJ. Hypothalamic‐pituitary function in anorexia nervosa. Acta Endocrinol1975;78:209.
168. MortolaJ, RasmussenD, YenS. Alterations of the adrenocorticotropin‐cortisol axis in normal weight bulimic women: evidence for a central mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1989;68:517. CrossRef
169. GwirtsmanH, Roy‐BirneP, YagerJ, et al.Neuroendocrine abnormalities in bulimia. Am J Psychiatry1983;140:797.
170. RosenblumJ, FormanS. Management of anorexia nervosa with exercise and selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors. Curr Opin Pediatr2003;15:346. CrossRef
171. AttiaE, HaimanC, WalshB, et al.Does fluoxetine augment the inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa?Am J Psychiatry1998;155:548. CrossRef
172. KayeW, NagataT, WeltzinT, et al.Double‐blind placebo‐controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting and resctricting‐purging type anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry2001;49:644. CrossRef
173. American Psychiatric Association. Treatment of patients with eating disorders: third edition. Am J Psychiatry2006;163(7 Suppl):4.
174. BiedermanJ, HerzogDB, RivinusT, et al.Amitriptyline in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol1985;5:10. CrossRef
175. Herpertz‐DahlmannB, HebebrandJ. Assessment and treatment of eating diorders and obesity. In: MartinA, ScahillL, KratochvilCJ, et al. (eds). Pediatric Psychopharpacology: Principals and Practice, 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011, 570.
176. MillerK, GriecoK, KlibanskiA. Testosterone administration in women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2005;90:1428. CrossRef
177. KlibanskiA, BillerB, SchoenfeldD, et al.The effects of estrogen administration on trabecular bone loss in young women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1995;80:898.
178. BulikC, BerkmanN, BrownleyK, et al.Anorexia nervosa treatments: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord2007;40:310. CrossRef
179. PikeKM, WalshBT, VitousekK, et al.Cognitive behavior therapy in the posthospitalization treatment of anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry2003;160:2046. CrossRef
180. LockJ, AgrasW, BrysonS, et al.A comparison of short‐ and long‐term family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry2005;44:632. CrossRef
181. CarterF, JordanJ, McIntoshV, et al.The longterm efficacy of three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord2011;44:647. CrossRef
182. VolkowN, WiseR. How can drug addiction help us understand obesity?Nat Neurosci2005;8:555. CrossRef
183. BerghC, BrodinU, LindbergG, et al.Randomized controlled trial of a treatment for anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2002;99:9486. CrossRef
184. DavisC, KennedyS, RavelskiE, et al.The role of physical activity in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Psychol Med1994;24:957. CrossRef
185. BerghC, SoderstenP. Anorexia nervosa, self‐starvation and the reward of stress. Nat Med1996;2:21. CrossRef
186. HebebrandJ, AlbayrakO. Leptin treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa? The urgent need for initiation of clinical studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry2012;21:63. CrossRef
187. YamadaN, KatsuuraG, OchiY, et al.Impaired CNS leptin action is implicated in depression associated with obesity. Endocrinology2011;152:2634. CrossRef
188. WeltC, ChanJ, BullenJ, et al.Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med2004;351:987. CrossRef
189. ChourS, ChamberlandJ, LiuZ, et al.Leptin is an effective treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2011;108:6585. CrossRef
190. CourtJ, Carr‐GreggM, BerghC, et al.An innovative treatment programme for anorexia nervosa. J Paediatr Child Health2005;41:305. CrossRef
191. MorrowN, SchallM, GrijalvaC, et al.Body temperature and wheel running predict survival times in rats exposed to activity‐stress. Physiol Behav1997;62:815. CrossRef
192. Striegel‐MooreRH, FrankoDL. Should binge eating disorder be included in the DSM‐V? A critical review of the state of the evidence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol2008;4:305. CrossRef
193. GoldschmidtAB, HilbertA, ManwaringJL. The significance of overvaluation of shape and wieght in binge eating disorder. Behav Res Ther2010;48:187. CrossRef
194. HudsonJI, LaLondeJK, ColtCE. Longitudinal study of the diagnosis of components of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with binge‐eating disorder. Am J Clin Nutr2010;91:1568. CrossRef
195. GerahardtAN, CorbinWR, BrowneKD. Food addiction: an examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence. J Addict Med2009;3:1. CrossRef
196. FrascellaJ, PetenzaMN, BrownLL, et al.Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way to nonsubstance addiction: craving addiction at a new joint?Ann NY Acad Sci2010;1187:294. CrossRef
197. AvenaNM, RadaP, HoebelBG. Evidence for sugar addication: behavioural and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev2008;32:20. CrossRef
198. WilsonGT, GriloCM, VitousekKM. Psychological treatments of eating disorders. Am Psychol2007;62:199. CrossRef
199. CorwinRL, BoanJ, PetersKF, et al.Baclofen reduces binge eating in a double‐blind placebo‐controlled, corssover study. Behav Pharmacol2012;23:616. CrossRef
200. HambidgeKM, SilvermanA. Pica with rapid improvement after zinc supplementation. Arch Dis Child1973;48:567. CrossRef
201. ArbiterEA, BlackD. Pica and iron deficiency anemia. Child Care Health Dev1991;17:231. CrossRef
202. AbrahamsP. Geophagy (soil consumption) and iron deficiency anemia. Trop Med Int Health1997;2:617. CrossRef
203. YoungSL. Pica in pregnancy: new ideas about an old condition. Annu Rev Nutr2010;30:403. CrossRef
204. YoungSL, ShermanPW, LucksJB, et al.Why on earth?: Evaluating hypotheses about the ephysiological functions of human geophagy. Q Rev Biol2011;86:97. CrossRef
205. DanfordDE. Pica and nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr1982;2:303. CrossRef
206. ThumshirnM, CamilleriM, HansonRB, et al.Gastric mechanosensory and lower esophageal sphincter function in rumination syndrome. Am J Clin Physiol1998;275:G314.
207. RommelN, TackJ, ArtsJ, et al.Rimination or belching‐regurgitation. Differential diagnosis using esophageal imedance‐manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil2010;22:c97. CrossRef
208. ChialHJ, CamilleriM, WilliamsDE, et al.Rumination syndrome in children and adolescents: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Pediatrics2003;111:158. CrossRef
209. KhanS, HymanPE, CocjinJ, et al.Rumination syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr2000;136:528. CrossRef
210. SoykanI, ChenJ, KendallBJ, et al.The rumination syndrome: clinical and manometric profile, therapy and long‐term outcome. Dig Dis Sci1997;42:1866. CrossRef
211. BlondeauK, BoecxstaensV, RommelN, et al.Baclofen improves symptoms and reduces postprandial flow events in patients with rumination and supragastric belching. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2012;10:379. CrossRef
212. Bryant‐WaughR, MarkhamL, KreipeR. Feeding and eating disorders in childhood. Int J Eat Disord2010;43:98.
213. RaudenbushB, CapiolaA. Physiological responses of food neophobics and food neophilics to food and non‐food stimuli. Appetite2012;58:1106. CrossRef
214. Bryant‐WaughR. Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder: an illustrative case example. Int J Eat Disord2013;46:420. CrossRef