Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology

Sixth Edition

Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky,
Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz,
Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang

References

Gastrointestinal vascular malformations and neoplasms: arterial, venous, arteriovenous, and capillary

1. MikoTL, ThomazyVA. The caliber persistent artery of the stomach: a unifying approach to gastric aneurysm, Dieulafoy's lesion and submucosal arterial malformation. Hum Pathol1988;19:914. CrossRef

2. ClouseRE. Vascular lesions: ectasias, tumors, and malformations. In: YamadaT, AlpersDH, LaineL, et al. (eds). Textbook of Gastroenterology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999: 2564.

3. McClaveSA, GoldschmidS, CunninghamJT, et al.Dieulafoy's cirsoid aneurysm of the duodenum. Dig Dis Sci1988;33:801. CrossRef

4. ChaerR, HeltonWS. Dieulafoy's disease. Am Coll Surg2003;196:290. CrossRef

5. BarlowTF, BentleyFH, WalderDN. Arteries, veins, and arteriovenous anastomosis in the human stomach. Surg Gynecol Obstet1951;93:657.

6. FockensP, TytgatGNJ. Dieulafoy's disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am1996;6:739.

7. Veldhuyzen van ZantenSJOV, BartelsmanJFWM, SchipperMEI, et al.Recurrent massive haematemesis from Dieulafoy vascular malformations: a review of 101 cases. Gut1986;27:213. CrossRef

8. DyNM, GostoutCJ, BalmRK. Bleeding from the endoscopically‐identified Dieulafoy lesion of the proximal small intestine and colon. Am J Gastroenterol1995;90:108.

9. ScheiderDM, BarthelJS, KingPD, et al.Dieulafoy‐like lesion of the distal esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol1994;89:2080.

10. JulerGL, LabitzkeHG, LambR, et al.The pathogenesis of Dieulafoy's gastric erosion. Am J Gastroenterol1984;79:195.

11. ReillyHFIII, Al‐KawasFH. Dieulafoy's lesion: diagnosis and management. Dig Dis Sci1991;36:1702. CrossRef

12. BrobergA, IhreT, PykE, et al.Exulceratio simplex as conceivable cause of massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Surg Gynecol Obstet1982;154:186.

13. PointerR, SchwabG, KonigsrainerA, et al.Endoscopic treatment of Dieulafoy's disease. Gastroenterology1988;94:563.

14. StarkME, GostoutCJ, BalmRK. Clinical features and endoscopic management of Dieulafoy's disease. Gastrointest Endosc1992;38:545. CrossRef

15. SchmulewitzN, BaillieJ. Dieulafoy lesions: a review of 6 years of experience at a tertiary referral center. Am J Gastroenterol2001;96:1688. CrossRef

16. LaraLF, SreenarasimhaiahJ, TangSJ, et al.Dieulafoy lesions of the GItract: localization and therapeutic outcomes. Dig Dis Sci2010;55:3436. CrossRef

17. LeeYT, WalmsleyRS, LeongRW, et al.Dieulafoy's lesion. Gastrointest Endosc2003;58:236. CrossRef

18. ChungYFA, WongWK, SooKC. Diagnostic failures in endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Br J Surg2000;87:614. CrossRef

19. PennerRM, OwenRJ, WilliamsCN. Diagnosis of a bleeding Dieulafoy lesion on computed tomography and its subsequent embolization. Can J Gastroenterol2004;18:525.

20. LeeJG, LeungJWC. Stigmata of recent hemorrhage in Dieulafoy's lesion. Gastrointest Endosc2000;51:191. CrossRef

21. HyunC. Periampullary Dieulafoy's lesion. Hosp Physician2005;23.

22. AlshumraniG, AlmuaikeelM. Angiographic findings and endovascular embolization in Dieulafoy disease: a case report and literature review. Diagn Interv Radiol2006;12:151.

23. FockensP, MeenanJ, van DullemenHM, et al.Dieulafoy's disease: endosonographic detection and endosonography‐guided treatment. Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:437. CrossRef

24. SquillaceSJ, JohnsonDA, SanowskiRA. The endosonographic appearance of a Dieulafoy's lesion. Am J Gastroenterol1994;89:276.

25. EidusLB, RasuliP, ManionD, et al.Caliber‐persistent artery of the stomach (Dieulafoy's vascular malformation). Gastroenterology1990;99:1507.

26. RomaozinhoJM, PontesJM, LeriasC, et al.Dieulafoy's lesion: management and long‐term outcome. Endoscopy2004;36:416. CrossRef

27. LuisLF, SreenarasimhaiahJ, Jiang TangS, et al.Localization, efficacy of therapy, and outcomes of Dieulafoy lesions of the GI tract – The UT Southwestern GI Bleed Team experience. Gastrointest Endosc2008;67:AB87.

28. CuiJ, HuangL‐Y, LiuY‐X. Efficacy of endoscopic therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding from Dieulafoy's lesion. World J Gastroenterol2011;17:1368. ISSN 1007‐9327 (print) ISSN 2219‐2840. CrossRef

29. Parra‐BlancoA, TakahashiH, JerezPV, et al.Endoscopic management of Dieulafoy lesions of the stomach: a case study of 26 patients. Endoscopy1997;29:834. CrossRef

30. McGrathK, MergenerK, BranchS. Endoscopic band ligation of Dieulafoy's lesion: report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol1999;94:1087. CrossRef

31. SoneY, NakanoS, TakedaI, et al.Massive hemorrhage from a Dieulafoy lesion in the cecum: successful endoscopic management. Gastrointest Endosc2000;51:510. CrossRef

32. SavidesTJ, JensenDM. Therapeutic endoscopy for nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am2000;29:465. CrossRef

33. ParkCH, SohnYH, LeeWS, et al.The usefulness of endoscopic hemoclipping for bleeding Dieulafoy lesions. Endoscopy2003;35:388. CrossRef

34. LimW, KimTO, ParkSB, et al.Endoscopic treatment of dieulafoy lesions and risk factors for rebleeding. Korean J Intern Med2009;24:318. PMID 19949729. CrossRef

35. SoneY, KumadaT, ToyodaT, et al.Endoscopic management and follow up of Dieulafoy lesion in the upper gastrointestinal tract.Endoscopy2005;37:449. PMID 15844024. CrossRef

36. NortonID, PetersenBT, SorbiD, et al.Management and long‐term prognosis of Dieulafoy lesion. Gastrointest Endosc1999;50:762. CrossRef

37. SoonMS, ChenYY, YenHH. Extravasation of sclerosant after injection of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate for a bleeding gastric Dieulafoy lesion. Endoscopy2008;40Suppl 2:E51–2. PMID 18633906. CrossRef

38. ChungYFA, TanFLS. Images of interest, gastrointestinal: colonic Dieulafoy lesion. Gastroenterol Hepatol2005;20:483. CrossRef

39. ChenYY, SuWW, SoonMS, et al.Delayed fatal hemorrhage after endoscopic band ligation for gastric Dieulafoy's lesion. Gastrointest Endosc2005;62:630. CrossRef

40. MatsuiS, KamisakoT, KudoM, et al.Endoscopic band ligation for control of nonvariceal upper GI hemorrhage: comparison with bipolar electrocoagulation. Gastrointest Endosc2002;55:214. CrossRef

41. AlvaS, AbirF, TranD. Laparoscopic gastric wedge resection for Dieulafoy's disease following pre‐operative endoscopic localization with India ink and endoscopic clips. J Soc Laparoendosc Surg2006;10:244.

42. YangCY. Recurrent Dieulafoy's lesion after surgical resection. Am J Gastroenterol1989;84:1464.

43. KaufmanZ, LiverantS, ShiptzB, et al.Massive gastrointestinal bleeding caused by Dieulafoy's lesion. Am Surg1995;61:453.

44. Bech‐KnudsenF, ToftgaardC. Exulceratio simplex Dieulafoy. Surg Gynecol Obstet1993;176:139.

45. MortensenNJM, MountfordRA, DaviesJD, et al.Dieulafoy's disease: a distinctive arteriovenous malformation causing massive gastric haemorrhage. Br J Surg1983;70:76. CrossRef

46. GadenstatterM, WetscherG, CrooksPF, et al.Dieulafoy's disease of the large and small bowel. J Clin Gastroenterol1998;27:169. CrossRef

47. EguchiS, MaedaJ, TaguchiH, et al.Massive gastrointestinal bleeding from a Dieulafoy‐like lesion of the rectum. J Clin Gastroenterol1997;24:262. CrossRef

48. FarrellDJ, BennettMK. Dieulafoy's vascular malformation as a cause of large intestinal bleeding. J Clin Pathol1992;45:363. CrossRef

49. KayaliZ, SangchantrW, MatsumotoB. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to Dieulafoy‐like lesion of the rectum. J Clin Gastroenterol2000;30:328. CrossRef

50. VettoJT, RichmanPS, KarigerK, et al.Cirsoid aneurysms of the jejunum: an unrecognized cause of massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Arch Surg1989;124:1460. CrossRef

51. ChoiYC, ParkSH, BangBW, et al.Two cases of ileal dieulafoy lesion with massive hematochezia treated by single balloon enteroscopy. Clin Endosc2012;45:440. doi: 10.5946/ce.2012.45.4.440; [Epub 2012 Nov 30]. CrossRef

52. MatuchanskyC, BabinP, AbadieJC, et al.Jejunal bleeding from a solitary large submucosal artery. Gastroenterology1978;75:110.

53. FrankoE, ChardavoyneR, WiseL. Massive rectal bleeding from a Dieulafoy's type ulcer of the rectum: a review of this unusual disease. Am J Gastroenterol1991;86:1545.

54. AmaroR, PetruffCA, RogersAI. Rectal Dieulafoy's lesion: report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum1999;42:1339. CrossRef

55. SchmidKW, PointnerR, FeichtingerJ. Exulceratio simplex Dieulafoy of the colon: a case report [letter]. Endoscopy1988;20:88. CrossRef

56. BorschG. Diffuse gastric antral vascular ectasia: the “watermelon stomach” revisited. Am J Gastroenterol1987;82:1333.

57. StefanidisI, LiakopoulosV, KapsoritakisAN, et al.Gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) in patients with ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis2006;47:e77. CrossRef

58. TobinRW, HackmanRC, KimmeyMB, et al.Bleeding from gastric antral vascular ectasia in marrow transplant patients. Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:223. CrossRef

59. GostoutCJ, ViggianoTR, AhlquistDA, et al.The clinical and endoscopic spectrum of the watermelon stomach. J Clin Gastroenterol1992;15:256. CrossRef

60. WatsonM, HallyRJ, McCuePA, et al.Gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum1996;39:341. CrossRef

61. PayenJL, CalesP, VoigtJJ, et al.Severe portal hypertensive gastropathy and antral vascular ectasia are distinct entities in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology1995;108:138. CrossRef

62. SebastianS, McLoughlinR, QasimA, et al.Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach): long‐term results. Dig Liver Dis2004;36:212. CrossRef

63. SpahrL, VilleneuveJP, DufresneMP, et al.Gastric antral vascular ectasia in cirrhotic patients: absence of relation with portal hypertension. Gut1999;44:739. CrossRef

64. VincentC, Pomier‐LayrarguesG, DagenaisM, et al.Cure of gastric antral vascular ectasia by liver transplantation despite persistent portal hypertension: a clue for pathogenesis. Liver Transpl2002;8:717. CrossRef

65. BrandtLJ. Gastric antral vascular ectasia: is there to be a consensus?Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:355. CrossRef

66. QuinteroE, PiqueJ, BombiJA, et al.Gastric mucosal vascular ectasias causing bleeding in cirrhosis: a distinct entity associated with hypergastrinemia and low serum levels of pepsinogen I. Gastroenterology1987;93:1054.

67. SaperasE, AyusoRMP, PocaE, et al.Increased gastric PGE2 biosynthesis in cirrhotic patients with gastric vascular ectasia. Am J Gastroenterol1990;85:138.

68. LowesJR, RodeJ. Neuroendocrine cell proliferations in gastric antral vascular ectasia. Gastroenterology1989;97:207.

69. JabbariM, CherryR, LoughJO, et al.Gastric antral vascular ectasia: the watermelon stomach. Gastroenterology1984;87:1165.

70. SuitPF, PetrasRE, BauerTW, et al.Gastric antral vascular ectasia: a histologic and morphometric study of “the watermelon stomach. Am J Surg Pathol1987;11:750. CrossRef

71. Du BoulayCE, FairbrotherJ, IsaacsonPG. Mucosal prolapse syndrome: a unifying concept for solitary ulcer syndrome and related disorders. J Clin Pathol1983;36:1264. CrossRef

72. BavikattyNR, GoldblumJR, Abdul‐KarimFW, et al.Florid vascular proliferation of the colon related to intussusception and mucosal prolapse: potential diagnostic confusion with angiosarcoma. Mod Pathol2001;14:1114. CrossRef

73. KatzPO, SalasL. Less frequent causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am1993;22:875.

74. LiberskiSM, McGarrityTJ, HartleRJ, et al.The watermelon stomach: long‐term outcome in patients treated with Nd:YAG laser therapy. Gastrointest Endosc1994;40:584. CrossRef

75. NovitskyYW, KercherKW, CzerniachDR, et al.Watermelon stomach: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Gastrointest Surg2003;7:652. CrossRef

76. JutabhaR, JensenDM. Management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the patient with chronic liver disease. Med Clin North Am1996;80:1035. CrossRef

77. CalesP, VoigtJJ, PayenJL, et al.Diffuse vascular ectasia of the antrum, duodenum, and jejunum in a patient with nodular regenerative hyperplasia: lack of response to portosystemic shunt or gastrectomy. Gut1993;34:558. CrossRef

78. SidhuR, SandersDS, McAlindonME. Does capsule endoscopy recognise gastric antral vascular ectasia more frequently than conventional endoscopy?J Gastrointest Liver Dis2006;15:375.

79. GilliamJHIII, GeisingerKR, WuWC, et al.Endoscopic biopsy is diagnostic in gastric antral vascular ectasia: “the watermelon stomach.”Dig Dis Sci1989;34:885. CrossRef

80. UrbanBA, JonesB, FishmanEK, et al.Gastric antral vascular ectasia (“watermelon stomach”): radiologic findings. Radiology1991;178:517. CrossRef

81. RobertsonIR, TaitNP, JacksonJE. Vascular ectasia of the gastric antrum: angiographic findings. Am J Radiol1996;166:87.

82. JensenDM, ChavesDM, GrundKE. Endopscopic diagnosis and treatment of watermelon stomach. Endoscopy2004;36:640. CrossRef

83. KwanV, BourkeMJ, WilliamsSJ, et al.Argon plasma coagulation in the management of symptomatic gastrointestinal vascular lesions: experience in 100 consecutive patients with long‐term followup. Am J Gastroenterol2006;101:58. CrossRef

84. PetriniJLJr, JohnstonJH. Heat probe treatment for antral vascular ectasia. Gastrointest Endosc1989;35:324. CrossRef

85. FuccioL, ZagariRM, SerraniM, et al.Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia‐related bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis. Digestion2009;79:143. doi: 10.1159/000210087; [Epub 2009 Mar 30]. CrossRef

86. HerreraS, BordasJM, LlachJ, et al.The beneficial effects of argon plasma coagulation in the management of different types of gastric vascular ectasia lesions in patients admitted for GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc2008;68:440. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.02.009; [Epub 2008 Apr 18]. CrossRef

87. ProbstA, ScheubelR, WienbeckM. Treatment of watermelon stomach (GAVE syndrome) by means of endoscopic APC (argon plasma coagulation): long‐term outcome. Z Gastroenterol2001;39:447. CrossRef

88. RomanS, SaurinJC, DumortierJ, et al.Tolerance and efficacy of argon plasma coagulation for controlling bleeding in patients with typical and atypical manifestations of watermelon stomach. Endoscopy2003;35:1024. CrossRef

89. YusoffI, BrennanF, OrmondeD, et al.Argon plasma coagulation for treatment of watermelon stomach. Endoscopy2002;34:407. CrossRef

90. BourkeMJ, HopeRL, BoydP, et al.Endoscopic laser therapy for watermelon stomach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol1996;11:832. CrossRef

91. PotamianoS, CarterCR, AndersonJR. Endoscopic laser treatment of diffuse antral vascular ectasia. Gut1994;35:461. CrossRef

92. KeohaneJ, BerroW, HarewoodGC, et al.Band ligation of gastric antral vascular ectasia is a safe and effective endoscopic treatment. Dig Endosc2013;25:392. doi: 10.1111/j.1443‐1661.2012.01410.x; [Epub 2012 Dec 17]. CrossRef

93. SatoT, YamazakiK, AkaikeJ. Endoscopic band ligation versus argon plasma coagulation for gastric antral vascular ectasia associated with liver diseases. Dig Endosc2012;24:237. doi: 10.1111/j.1443‐1661.2011.01221.x; [Epub 2011 Dec 29]. CrossRef

94. WellsCD, HarrisonME, GuruduSR, et al.Treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) with endoscopic band ligation. Gastrointest Endosc2008;68:231. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.02.021; [Epub 2008 Jun 3]. CrossRef

95. McGoriskT, KrishnanK, KeeferL, et al.Radiofrequency ablation for refractory gastric antral vascular ectasia (with video). Gastrointest Endosc2013;78:584. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.04.173; [Epub 2013 May 6]. CrossRef

96. KamathPS, LacerdoM, AhlquistDA, et al.Gastric mucosal responses to intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology2000;118:905. CrossRef

97. BhutaniMS, GuptaSC, MarkertRJ, et al.A prospective controlled evaluation of endoscopic detection of angiodysplasia and its association with aortic valve disease. Gastrointest Endosc1995;42:398. CrossRef

98. DaneshBJ, SpiliadisC, WilliamsCB, et al.Angiodysplasia, an uncommon cause of colonic bleeding: colonic evaluation of 1050 patients with rectal bleeding and anemia. Int J Colon Dis1987;2:218. CrossRef

99. HochterWJ, WeingartW, KunnerE, et al.Angiodysplasia in the colon and rectum: endoscopic morphology, localisation and frequency. Endoscopy1985;17:182. CrossRef

100. SharmaR, GorbienMJ. Angiodysplasia and lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding in elderly patients. Arch Intern Med1995;155:807. CrossRef

101. FoutchPG. Angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Gastroenterol1993;88:807.

102. FleischerD. Etiology and prevalence of severe persistent upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology1983;84:538.

103. QuinteroE, PiqueJM, BombiJA, et al.Upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by gastroduodenal vascular malformation: incidence, diagnosis and treatment. Dig Dis Sci1986;31:897. CrossRef

104. CappellMS, GuptaA. Changing epidemiology of gastrointestinal angiodysplasia with increasing recognition of clinically milder cases: angiodysplasia tends to produce mild chronic gastrointestinal bleeding in a study of 47 consecutive patients admitted from 1980–1989. Am J Gastroenterol1992;87:201.

105. FoutchPG, RexDK, LiebermanDA. Prevalence and natural history of colonic angiodysplasia among healthy asymptomatic people. Am J Gastroenterol1995;90:564.

106. BoleySJ, BrandtLJ. Vascular ectasias of the colon – 1986. Dig Dis Sci1986;31(Suppl):26S. CrossRef

107. CappellMS. Spatial clustering of simultaneous nonhereditary gastrointestinal angiodysplasia: small but significant correlation between nonhereditary colonic and upper gastrointestinal angiodysplasia. Dig Dis Sci1992;37:1072. CrossRef

108. De la Torre MondragonL, GomezMAV, TiscarrenoMAM, et al.Angiodysplasia of the colon in children. J Pediatr Surg1995;30:72. CrossRef

109. ChalsaniN, CotsonisG, WilcoxCM. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic renal failure: role of vascular ectasia. Am J Gastroenterol1996;91:2329.

110. ClouseRE, CostiganDJ, MillsBA, et al.Angiodysplasia as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Arch Intern Med1985;145:458. CrossRef

111. MarcuardSP, WeinstockJV. Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia in renal failure. J Clin Gastroenterol1988;10:482. CrossRef

112. ZuckermanGR, CornetteGL, ClouseRE, et al.Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic renal failure. Ann Intern Med1985;102:588. CrossRef

113. RichardsonJD, LordonRE. Gastrointestinal bleeding caused by angiodysplasia: a difficult problem in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis therapy. Am Surg1993;59:636.

114. Ala‐KailaK. Upper gastrointestinal findings in chronic renal failure. Scand J Gastroenterol1987;22:372. CrossRef

115. BoyleJM, JohnstonB. Acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Med1983;75:409. CrossRef

116. PosnerGL, FinkSM, HudedFV, et al.Endoscopic findings in chronic hemodialysis patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol1983;78:720.

117. GostoutCJ. Angiodysplasia and aortic valve disease: let's close the book on this association. Gastrointest Endosc1995;42:491. CrossRef

118. MeyerCT, TroncaleFJ, GallowayS, et al.Arteriovenous malformations of the bowel: an analysis of 22 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine1981;60:36. CrossRef

119. BoleySJ, SammartanoR, AdamsA, et al.On the nature and etiology of vascular ectasias of the colon: degenerative lesions of aging. Gastroenterology1977;72:650.

120. HowardOM, BuchananJD, HuntRH. Angiodysplasia of the colon: experience of 26 cases. Lancet1982;2:16. CrossRef

121. ReinusJF, BrandtLJ. Vascular ectasias and diverticulosis: common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am1994;23:1.

122. MarwickT, KerlinP. Angiodysplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract: clinical spectrum in 41 cases. J Clin Gastroenterol1986;8:404. CrossRef

123. ImperialeTF, RansohoffDF. Aortic stenosis, idiopathic gastrointestinal bleeding, and angiodysplasia: is there an association? A methodologic critique of the literature. Gastroenterology1988;95:1670.

124. CappellMS, LebwohlO. Cessation of recurrent bleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasias after aortic valve replacement. Ann Intern Med1986;105:54. CrossRef

125. LoveJW. The syndrome of calcific aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding: resolution following aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1982;83:779.

126. SchefferSM, LeathermanLL. Resolution of Heyde's syndrome of aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding after aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg1986;42:477. CrossRef

127. MehtaPM, HeinsimerJA, BrygRJ, et al.Reassessment of the association between gastrointestinal arteriovenous malformations and aortic stenosis. Am J Med1989;86:275. CrossRef

128. BaturP, StewartWJ, IssacsonJH. Increased prevalence of aortic stenosis in patients with arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract in Heyde syndrome. Arch Intern Med2003;163:1821. CrossRef

129. VeyradierA, BalianA, WolfM, et al.Abnormal von Willebrand factor in bleeding angiodysplasias of the digestive tract. Gastroenterology2001;120:346. CrossRef

130. VincentelliA, SusenS, Le TourneauT, et al.Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med2003;349:343. CrossRef

131. MakrisM. Gastrointestinal bleeding in von Willebrand disease. Thromb Res2006;118(Suppl 1):S13. CrossRef

132. DurayPH, MarcalJMJr, LiVolsiVA, et al.Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia: a possible component of von Willebrand's disease. Hum Pathol1984;15:539. CrossRef

133. AlhumoodSA, DevineDV, LawsonL, et al.Idiopathic immune‐mediated acquired von Willebrand's disease in a patient with angiodysplasia: demonstration of an unusual inhibitor causing a functional defect and rapid clearance of von Willebrand factor. Am J Hematol1999;60:151. CrossRef

134. GatesC, MorandEF, DavisM, et al.Sclerotherapy as treatment of recurrent bleeding from upper gastrointestinal telangiectasia in CREST syndrome. Br J Rheumatol1993;32:760. CrossRef

135. MarshallJB, MooreGF, SettlesRH. Colonic telangiectasias in scleroderma. Arch Intern Med1980;140:1121. CrossRef

136. RosenkransPCM, de RooyDJ, BosmanFT, et al.Gastrointestinal telangiectasia as a cause of severe blood loss in systemic sclerosis. Endoscopy1980;12:200. CrossRef

137. WinterbauerRH. Multiple telangiectasias, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and subcutaneous calcinosis: a syndrome mimicking hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1964;114:361.

138. EngelE, ForbesAP. Cytogenetic and clinical findings in 48 patients with congenitally defective or absent ovaries. Medicine1965;44:135. CrossRef

139. TowneJW. Gastrointestinal bleeding associated with Turner's syndrome. J Maine Med Assoc1975;66:36.

140. BlazerC, LottererE, KleberG, et al.Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for bleeding angiodysplasia‐like lesions in portal‐hypertensive colopathy. Gastroenterology1998;115:167. CrossRef

141. NaveauS, BedossaP, PoynardT, et al.Portal hypertensive colopathy: a new entity. Dig Dis Sci1991;36:1774. CrossRef

142. ShahIA. Angiodysplasia: morphologic diagnosis. Endoscopy1988;20:149. CrossRef

143. LewisBS. Small intestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am2000;29:67. CrossRef

144. GuptaN, LongoWE, VernavaAMIII. Angiodysplasia of the lower gastrointestinal tract: an entity readily diagnosed by colonoscopy and primarily managed nonoperatively. Dis Colon Rectum1995;38:979. CrossRef

145. RichardsonJD, MayMH, FlintLMJr, et al.Bleeding vascular malformations of the intestine. Surgery1978;84:430.

146. GilmorePR. Angiodysplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Gastroenterol1988;10:386. CrossRef

147. GostoutCJ, BowyerBA, AhlquistDA, et al.Mucosal vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract: clinical observations and results of endoscopic neodymium: yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser therapy. Mayo Clin Proc1988;63:993. CrossRef

148. BuchiKN. Vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. Surg Clin North Am1992;72:559.

149. BoleySJ, BrandtLJ, MitsudoSM. Vascular lesions of the colon. Adv Intern Med1984;29:301.

150. BrandtLJ, SpinnellMK. Ability of naloxone to enhance the colonoscopic appearance of normal colon vasculature and colon vascular ectasias. Gastrointest Endosc1999;49:79. CrossRef

151. JunqueraF, SaperasE, de TorresI, et al.Increased expression of angiogenic factors in human colonic angiodysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol1999;94:1070. CrossRef

152. RoskellDE, BiddolphSC, WarrenBF. Apparent deficiency of mucosal vascular collagen type IV associated with angiodysplasia of the colon. J Clin Pathol1998;51:18. CrossRef

153. TrudelJL, FazioVW, SivakMV. Colonoscopic diagnosis and treatment of arteriovenous malformations in chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding: clinical accuracy and efficacy. Dis Colon Rectum1988;31:107. CrossRef

154. RichterJM, HedbergSE, AthanasoulisCA, et al.Angiodysplasia: clinical presentation and colonoscopic diagnosis. Dig Dis Sci1984;29:481. CrossRef

155. RichterJM, ChristensenMR, ColditzGA, et al.Angiodysplasia: natural history and efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Dig Dis Sci1989;34:1542. CrossRef

156. EnnsR, GoK, ChangH, et al.Capsule endoscopy: a single‐centre experience with the first 226 capsules. Can J Gastroenterol2004;18:555.

157. RastogiA, SchoenRE, SlivkaA. Diagnostic yield and clinical outcomes of capsule endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:959. CrossRef

158. BoleySJ, SprayreganS, SammartanoRJ, et al.The pathophysiologic basis for the angiographic signs of vascular ectasias of the colon. Radiology1977;125:615. CrossRef

159. LewisB. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Mt Sinai J Med1993;60:200.

160. JunqueraF, QuirogaS, SaperasE, et al.Accuracy of helical computed tomographic angiography for the diagnosis of colonic angiodysplasia. Gastroenterology2000;119:293. CrossRef

161. AaldersGJ, BaetenCGMJ, LoffeldRJLF. Suturing angiodysplastic lesions of the small intestine. Surg Gynecol Obstet1991;173:323.

162. GilinskyNH, BurnsDG, BarbezatGO, et al.The natural history of radiation‐induced proctosigmoiditis: an analysis of 88 patients. Q J Med1983;205:40.

163. GreeneJFJr, SawickiJE, DoyleWF. Gastric ulceration: a complication of double‐lumen nasogastric tubes. JAMA1973;224:338. CrossRef

164. JunqueraF, FeuF, PapoM, et al.A multicenter, randomized, clinical trial of hormonal therapy in the prevention of rebleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasia. Gastroenterology2001;121:1073. CrossRef

165. SaperasE, AdetA, FeuF, et al.Incidence and risk factors for recurrence of acute lower intestinal hemorrhage (abstract). Gastrointest Endosc2005;61:AB85. CrossRef

166. TedescoFJ, GriffinJWJr, KhanAQ. Vascular ectasia of the colon: clinical, colonoscopic and radiographic features. J Clin Gastroenterol1980;2:233. CrossRef

167. AskinMP, LewisBS. Push enteroscopic cauterization: long‐term followup of 83 patients with bleeding small intestinal angiodysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc1996;43:580. CrossRef

168. OlmosJA, MarcolongoM, PogorelskyV, et al.Long‐term outcome of argon plasma ablation therapy for bleeding in 100 consecutive patients with colonic angiodysplasia. Dis Colon Rectum2006;49:1507. CrossRef

169. MonkemullerK, WeigtJ, TreiberG, et al.Diagnostic and therapeutic impact of double‐balloon enteroscopy. Endoscopy2006;38:67. CrossRef

170. NaveauS, AubertA, PoynardT, et al.Long‐term results of treatment of vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract by neodymium YAG laser photocoagulation. Dig Dis Sci1990;35:821. CrossRef

171. JunqueraF, BrulletE, CampoR, et al.Usefulness of endoscopic band ligation for bleeding small bowel vascular lesions. Gastrointest Endosc2003;58:274. CrossRef

172. BrowderW, CeriseEJ, LitwinMS. Impact of emergency angiography in massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Surg1986;204:530. CrossRef

173. LefkovitzZ, CappellMS, KaplanM, et al.Radiology in the diagnosis and therapy of gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am2000;29:489. CrossRef

174. GordonRL, AhlKL, KerlanRKJr, et al.Selective arterial embolization for the control of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Surg1997;174:24. CrossRef

175. GuyGE, ShettyPC, SharmaRP, et al.Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: treatment by superselective embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles. AJR Am J Roentgenol1992;159:521. CrossRef

176. MirsadraeeS, TirukondaP, NicholsonA, et al.Embolization for non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage: a systematic review. Clin Radiol2011;66:500. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.11.016; [Epub 2011 Mar 2]. CrossRef

177. ErikssonLS, WahrenJ. Intravenous and subcutaneous administration of a long‐acting somatostatin analogue: effects on glucose metabolism and splanchnic haemodynamics in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Invest1989;19:213. CrossRef

178. ErikssonLS, BrundinT, SöderlundC, et al.Haemodynamic effects of a long‐acting somatostatin analogue in patients with liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol1987;22:919. CrossRef

179. BuonamicoP, JensenJE, SabbàC, et al.Octreotide blunts portal postprandial hyperemia in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology1991;14:194.

180. NilssonO, WängbergB, TheodorssonE, et al.Presence of IGF‐I in human midgut carcinoid tumours–an autocrine regulator of carcinoid tumour growth?Int J Cancer1992;51:195. CrossRef

181. DanesiR, TaccaM. Effects of octreotide on angiogenesis. In: ScarpignatoC, ed. Octreotide: from Basic Science to Clinical Medicine. Basel: Karger. Prog Basic Clin Pharmacol 1996;10:234.

182. DanesiR, Del TaccaM. The effects of the somatostatin analog octreotide on angiogenesis in vitro. Metabolism1996;45(8 Suppl 1):49. CrossRef

183. BrownC, SubramanianV, WilcoxCM, et al.Somatostatin analogues in the treatment of recurrent bleeding from gastrointestinal vascular malformations: an overview and systematic review of prospective observational studies. Dig Dis Sci2010;55:2129. doi: 10.1007/s10620‐010‐1193‐6. CrossRef

184. BonC, AparicioT, VincentM, et al.Long‐acting somatostatin analogues decrease blood transfusion requirements in patients with refractory gastrointestinal bleeding associated with angiodysplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2012;36:587. doi: 10.1111/apt.12000; [Epub 2012 Jul 26]. CrossRef

185. MimidisK, KaliontzidouM, TzimasT, et al.Thalidomide for treatment of bleeding angiodysplasias during hemodialysis. Ren Fail2008;30:1040. doi: 10.1080/08860220802389359. CrossRef

186. AlbertoSF, FelixJ, de DeusJ. Thalidomide for the treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Endoscopy2008;40:788, author reply 789. doi: 10.1055/s‐2008‐1077513; [Epub 2008 Sep 4]. CrossRef

187. GarridoA, SayagoM, LópezJ, et al.Thalidomide in refractory bleeding due to gastrointestinal angiodysplasias. Rev Esp Enferm Dig2012;104:69. CrossRef

188. GeZZ1, ChenHM, GaoYJ, et al.Efficacy of thalidomide for refractory gastrointestinal bleeding from vascular malformation. Gastroenterology2011; 141;1629. PMID 21784047. CrossRef

189. CavalettiG, BeronioA, ReniL, et al.Thalidomide sensory neurotoxicity: a clinical and neurophysiologic study. Neurology2004;62:2291. CrossRef

190. GhobrialIM, RajkumarSV. Management of thalidomide toxicity. J Support Oncol2003;1:194.

191. HamadaniM, BensonDMJr, CopelanEA. Thalidomide‐induced fulminant hepatic failure. Mayo Clin Proc2007;82:638. CrossRef

192. LewisB, SalomonP, Rivera‐MacMurrayS, et al.Does hormonal therapy have any benefit for bleeding angiodysplasia?J Clin Gastroenterol1992;15:99. CrossRef

193. BronnerM, PateM, CunninghamJ, et al.Estrogen‐progesterone therapy for bleeding gastrointestinal telangiectasia in chronic renal failure. Ann Intern Med1986;105:371. CrossRef

194. Van CutsemE, RutgeertsP, VantrappenG. Treatment of bleeding gastrointestinal vascular malformations with oestrogen‐progesterone. Lancet1990;335:953. CrossRef

195. MoshkowitzM, ArberN, AmirN, et al.Success of estrogenprogesterone therapy in long‐standing bleeding gastrointestinal angiodysplasia: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum1993;36:194. CrossRef

196. McCaffreyTV, KernEB, LakeCF. Management of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: review of 80 cases. Arch Otolaryngol1977;103:627. CrossRef

197. KjeldsenAD, VaseP, GreenA. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: a population‐based study of prevalence and mortality in Danish patients. J Intern Med1999;245:31. CrossRef

198. PeeryWH. Clinical spectrum of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler‐Weber‐Rendu disease). Am J Med1987;82:989. CrossRef

199. SmithCRJr, BartholomewLG, CainJC. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology1963;44:1.

200. AbdallaSA, GeisthoffUW, BonneauD, et al.Visceral manifestations in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2. J Med Genet2003;40:494. CrossRef

201. JacobsonBS. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a model for blood vessel growth and enlargement. Am J Pathol2000;156:737. CrossRef

202. AbdallaSA, LetarteM. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: current views on genetics and mechanisms of disease. J Med Genet2006;43:97. [Epub 2005 May 6]. CrossRef

203. GallioneCJ, RepettoGM, LegiusE, et al.A combined syndrome of juvenile polyposis and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia associated with mutations in MADH4 (SMAD4). Lancet2004;363:852. CrossRef

204. GuttmacherAE, MarchukDA, WhiteRIJr. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med1995;333:918. CrossRef

205. KjeldsenAD, KjeldsenJ. Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Gastroenterol2000;95:415. CrossRef

206. ReillyPJ, NostrantTT. Clinical manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Gastroenterol1984;79:363.

207. LongacreAV, GrossCP, GallitelliM, et al.Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Gasatroenterol2003;98:59. CrossRef

208. BernardG, MionF, HenryL, et al.Hepatic involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: clinical, radiological, and hemodynamic studies of 11 cases. Gastroenterology1993;105:482.

209. Garcia‐TsaoG, KorzenikJR, YoungL, et al.Liver disease in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med2000;343:931. CrossRef

210. HaitjemaT, WestermannCJJ, OvertoomTTC, et al.Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler‐Weber‐Rendu disease): new insights in pathogenesis, complications, and treatment. Arch Intern Med1996;156:714. CrossRef

211. WillemseRB, MagerJJ, WestermannCJJ, et al.Bleeding risk of cerebrovascular malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Neurosurg2000;92:779. CrossRef

212. HaitjemaT, DischF, OvertoomTTC, et al.Screening family members of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Med1995;99:519. CrossRef

213. IngrossoM, SabbaC, PisaniA, et al.Evidence of small‐bowel involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: A capsule‐endoscopic study. Endoscopy2004;36:1074. CrossRef

214. CampbellEWJr, JewsonD, GilbertE. Angiographic identification of enteric lesions: guide to therapy in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis. Arch Intern Med1970;125:705. CrossRef

215. RutgeertsP, van GompelF, GeboesK, et al.Long term results of treatment of vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract by neodymium Yag laser photocoagulation. Gut1985;26:586. CrossRef

216. HisadaT, KuwabaraH, TsunodaT, et al.Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia showing severe anemia which was successfully treated with estrogen. Intern Med1995;34:589. CrossRef

217. WangXY, ChenY, DuQ. Successful treatment of thalidomide for recurrent bleeding due to gastric angiodysplasia in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci2013;17:1114.

218. AmanzadaA, TöpplerGJ, CameronS, et al.A case report of a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia treated successively with thalidomide and bevacizumab. Case Rep Oncol2010;3:463. doi: 10.1159/000323152; [Epub 2010 Dec 11]. CrossRef

219. ChenCH, HsuHH, HuRH, et al.Long‐term therapy with thalidomide in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: case report and literature review. J Clin Pharmacol2012;52:1436. doi: 10.1177/0091270011417824; [Epub 2011 Oct 26]. CrossRef

220. KanellopoulouT, AlexopoulouA. Bevacizumab in the treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Expert Opin Biol Ther2013;13:1315. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2013.813478; [Epub 2013 Jul 2]. CrossRef

221. GentryRW, DockertyMB, ClagettOT. Collective review: vascular malformations and vascular tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Int Abstr Surg1949;88:281.

222. NaderPR, MargolinF. Hemangioma causing gastrointestinal bleeding: case report and review of the literature. Am J Dis Child1966;111:2152. CrossRef

223. DeepinderF. GI bleeding, colon varicosities, and visceral enlargement as a manifestation of Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2011;9:e126. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.06.023; [Epub 2011 Jun 30]. CrossRef

224. WangZK, WangFY, ZhuRM, et al.Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome with gastrointestinal bleeding, splenic hemangiomas and left inferior vena cava. World J Gastroenterol2010;16:1548. CrossRef

225. IbarguenE, SharpHL, SnyderCL, et al.Hemangiomatosis of the colon and peritoneum: case report and management discussion. Clin Pediatr1988;27:425. CrossRef

226. EnzingerFM, WeissSW. Benign tumors and tumorlike lesions of blood vessels. In: EnzingerFM, WeissSW, (ed.). Soft Tissue Tumors, 2nd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1988: 489.

227. HeadHD, BakerJQ, MuirRW. Hemangioma of the colon. Am J Surg1973;126:691. CrossRef

228. CarrMM, JamiesonCG, LalG. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Can J Surg1996;39:59.

229. AylwardCA, OrangioGR, LucasGW, et al.Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the rectosigmoid: CT scan, a new diagnostic modality, and surgical management using sphincter‐saving procedures. Report of three cases. Dis Colon Rectum1988;31:797. CrossRef

230. AllredHW, SpencerRJ. Hemangiomas of the colon, rectum, and anus. Mayo Clin Proc1974;49:739.

231. BlandKI, AbneyHT, MacGregorAMC, et al.Hemangiomatosis of the colon and anorectum: case report and a review of the literature. Am Surg1974;40:626.

232. IncemanS, TangunY. Chronic defibrination syndrome due to a giant hemangioma associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Am J Med1969;46:997. CrossRef

233. HagoodMF, GathrightJBJr. Hemangiomatosis of the skin and gastrointestinal tract: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum1975;18:141. CrossRef

234. ShahedM, HagenmullerF, RoschT, et al.A 19‐year‐old female with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: endoscopic laser photocoagulation and surgical resection of gastrointestinal angiomata. Endoscopy1990;22:54. CrossRef

235. JenningsM, WardP, MaddocksJL. Blue rubber bleb naevus disease: an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Gut1988;29:1408. CrossRef

236. GalloSH, McClaveSA. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: gastrointestinal involvement and its endoscopic presentation. Gastrointest Endosc1992;38:72. CrossRef

237. OksuzogluBC, OksuzogluG, CakirU, et al.Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol1996;91:780.

238. RomaoZ, PontesJ, LopesH, et al.Endosonography in the diagnosis of “blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome”: an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal tract bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol1999;28:262. CrossRef

239. BrowneAF, KatzS, MiserJ, et al.Blue rubber bleb nevi as a cause of intussusception. J Pediatr Surg1983;18:7. CrossRef

240. TyrrelRT, BaumgartnerBR, MontemayorKA. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: CT diagnosis of intussusception. AJR Am J Roentgenol1990;154:105. CrossRef

241. FiglioliniFJ, CutaitDE, de OliveiraMR, et al.Rectosigmoidal hemangioma: report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum1961;4:349. CrossRef

242. SandhuKS, CohenH, RadinR, et al.Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome presenting with recurrences. Dig Dis Sci1987;32:214. CrossRef

243. GriecoRV, BartoneNF. Roentgen visualization of phleboliths in hemangioma of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Roentgenol1967;101:406. CrossRef

244. WongSH, LauWY. Blue rubber‐bleb nevus syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum1982;25:371. CrossRef

245. McCauleyRGK, LeonidasJC, BartosheskyLE. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Radiology1979;133:375. CrossRef

246. DachmanAH, RosPR, ShekitkaKM, et al.Colorectal hemangioma: radiologic findings. Radiology1988;167:31. CrossRef

247. YorozuyaK, WatanabeM, HasegawaH, et al.Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the rectum: report of a case. Surg Today2003;33:309. CrossRef

248. HerviasD, TurrionJP, HerreraM, et al.Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the rectum: an atypical cause of rectal bleeding. Rev Esp Enferm Dig2004;96:346. CrossRef

249. GhahremaniGG, KangarlooH, VolbergF, et al.Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the colon in Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome. Radiology1976;118:673. CrossRef

250. ChanAOO, LaiKC. A patient with long‐standing iron‐deficient anemia. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol2006;3:112. CrossRef

251. BensonJM, OrlayG. Colorectal haemangioma and its relationship to haemorrhoids in childhood. Aust N Z J Surg1991;61:537. CrossRef

252. BellGA, McKenzieAD, EmmonsH. Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the rectum: report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum1972;15:377. CrossRef

253. BakYT, OhCH, KimJH, et al.Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: endoscopic removal of the gastrointestinal hemangiomas. Gastrointest Endosc1997;45:90. CrossRef

254. ShimadaS, NamikawaK, MaedaK, et al.Endoscopic polypectomy under laparotomy throughout the alimentary tract for a patient with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Gastrointest Endosc1997;45:423. CrossRef

255. FishmanSJ, SmithersCJ, FolkmanJ, et al.Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: surgical eradication of gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Surg2005;241:523. CrossRef

256. MorrisL, LynchPM, GleasonWAJr, et al.Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: laser photocoagulation of colonic hemangiomas in a child with microcytic anemia. Pediatr Dermatol1992;9:91. CrossRef

257. ParashetteKR. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2011;52:111. CrossRef

258. NgEK, CheungFK, ChiuPW. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: treatment of multiple gastrointestinal hemangiomas with argon plasma coagulator. Dig Endosc2009;21:40. doi: 10.1111/j.1443‐1661.2008.00817.x. CrossRef

259. GallioneCJ, PasykKA, BoonLM, et al.A gene for familial venous malformations maps to chromosome 9p in a second large kindred. J Med Genet1995;32:197. CrossRef

260. BeanWB. Blue rubber bleb naevi of the skin and gastrointestinal tract. In: BeanWB, (ed.). Vascular Spiders and Related Lesions of the Skin. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1958: 178.

261. LindenauerSM. The Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome: varicosity, hypertrophy and haemangioma with no arteriovenous fistula. Ann Surg1965;162:303. CrossRef

262. ServelleM. Klippel and Trenaunay's syndrome: 768 operated cases. Ann Surg1985;201:365. CrossRef

263. GandolfiL, RossiA, StasiG, et al.The Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome with colonic hemangioma. Gastrointest Endosc1987;33:442. CrossRef

264. KufferF, MurphyL, StarzynskiTE, et al.Concurrence of varicose osteo‐hypertrophic nevus (Klippel‐Trenaunay), visceral angiomatosis and thrombocytopenia (Kasabach‐Merrit): a case report. Hematol Lat1968;11:259.

265. ServelleM, BastinR, LoygueJ, et al.Hematuria and rectal bleeding in the child with Klippel and Trenaunay syndrome. Ann Surg1976;183:418. CrossRef

266. BrownR, OhriSK, GhoshP, et al.Case report: jejunal vascular malformation in Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome. Clin Radiol1991;44:134. CrossRef

267. SchmittB, PosseltHG, WaagKL, et al.Severe hemorrhage from intestinal hemangiomatosis in Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome: pitfalls in diagnosis and management. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1986;5:155. CrossRef

268. SamuelM, SpitzL. Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome: clinical features, complications and management in children. Br J Surg1995;82:757. CrossRef

269. StenningerE, SchollinJ. Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis in a newborn child. Acta Paediatr1993;82:102. CrossRef

270. StillmanAE, HansenRC, HallinanV, et al.Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis with severe gastrointestinal involvement: favorable response to steroid therapy. Clin Pediatr1983;22:589. CrossRef

271. StratteEG, TopeWD, JohnsonCL, et al.Multimodal management of diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol1996;34:337. CrossRef

272. ShiffmanMA, RappaportI. Multiple phlebectasia. Arch Surg1967;94:771. CrossRef

273. MejiaEM, AlvarezOA, AndersonEC, et al.Jejunal phlebectasia presenting with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Clin Gastroenterol1996;22:215. CrossRef

274. KumarP, SalcedoJ, Al‐KawasFH. Enteroscopic diagnosis of bleeding phlebectasia: a case report and review of literature. Gastrointest Endosc1997;46:185. CrossRef

275. BenchellalZA, HutenN, Danquechin DorvalE, et al.Abdominal emergencies in type IV Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin Biol1998;22:343.

276. SolomonJA, AbramsL, LichtensteinGR. GI manifestations of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol1996;91:2282.

277. OderichGS, PannetonJM, BowerTC, et al.The spectrum, management and clinical outcome of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome type IV: a 30‐year experience. J Vasc Surg2005;42:98. CrossRef

278. BeightonPH, MurdochJL, VottelerT. Gastrointestinal complications of the Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome. Gut1969;10:1004. CrossRef

279. RybkaFJ, O'HaraET. Surgical significance of the Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome. Am J Surg1967;113:431. CrossRef

280. GreenGJ, SchumanBM, BarronJ. Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome complicated by acute hemorrhagic sigmoid diverticulitis, with an unusual mitral valve abnormality. Am J Med1966;41:622. CrossRef

281. CikritDF, MilesJH, SilverD. Spontaneous arterial perforation: the Ehlers‐Danlos specter. J Vasc Surg1987;5:248. CrossRef

282. MeldonS, BradyW, YoungJS. Presentation of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome: iliac artery pseudoaneurysm rupture. Ann Emerg Med1996;28:231. CrossRef

283. AldridgeRT. Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome causing intestinal perforation. Br J Surg1967;54:22. CrossRef

284. RanaM, AzizO, PurkayasthaS, et al.Colonoscopic perforation leading to a diagnosis of Ehlers Danlos syndrome type IV: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep2011;5:229. CrossRef

285. PepinM, SchwarzeU, Siperti‐FurgaA, et al.Clinical and genetic features of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome type IV, the vascular type. N Engl J Med2000;342:673. CrossRef

286. ZilocchiM, MacedoTA, OderichGS, et al.Vascular Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome: imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;189:712. CrossRef

287. BaichiMM, ArifuddinRM, MantryPS. Gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome: an endoscopic dilemma. Dig Dis Sci2005;50:1342. CrossRef

288. BergqvistD, BjörckM, WanhainenA. Treatment of vascular Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome: a systematic review. Ann Surg2013;258:257. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31829c7a59. CrossRef

289. OkadaT, FrankM, PellerinO, et al.Embolization of life‐threatening arterial rupture in patients with vascular Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol2014;37:77. doi: 10.1007/s00270‐013‐0640‐0; [Epub 2013 May 9]. CrossRef

290. SchulzV, HendigD, SzliskaC, et al.Novel mutations in the ABCC6 gene of German patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Hum Biol2005;77:367. CrossRef

291. EddyDD, FarberEM. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum – internal manifestations: a report of cases and a statistical review of the literature. Arch Dermatol1962;86:729. CrossRef

292. McCreedyCA, ZimmermanTJ, WebsterSF. Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Surgery1989;105:170.

293. CunninghamJR, LippmanSM, RenieWA, et al.Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: treatment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage by arterial embolization and observations on autosomal dominant inheritance. Johns Hopkins Med J1980;147:168.

294. CoccoAE, GrayerDI, WalkerBA, et al.The stomach in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. JAMA1969;210:2381. CrossRef

295. KundrotasL, NovakJ, KremzierJ, et al.Gastric bleeding in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Am J Gastroenterol1998;83:868.

296. MorganAA. Recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage: an unusual cause. Am J Gastroenterol1982;77:925.

297. SpinziG, StrocchiE, ImperialiG, et al.Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol1996;91:1631.

298. OrdonezNG, del JuncoGW, AyalaAG, et al.Angiosarcoma of the small intestine: an immunoperoxidase study. Am J Gastroenterol1983;78:218.

299. TaxyJB, BattiforaH. Angiosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a report of three cases. Cancer1988;62:210. CrossRef

300. MaddoxJC, EvansHL. Angiosarcoma of skin and soft tissue: a study of forty‐four cases. Cancer1981;48:1907. CrossRef

301. SaitoR, BedettiCD, CainesMJ, et al.Malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the colon: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum1987;30:707. CrossRef

302. SheridM, SifuentesH, BraskyJ, et al.Clinical and endoscopic features of angiosarcoma of the colon: two case reports and a review of the literature. J Gastrointest Cancer2013;44:12. doi: 10.1007/s12029‐012‐9431‐0. CrossRef

303. MaeyashikiC, NagataN, UemuraN. Angiosarcoma involving solid organs and the gastrointestinal tract with life‐threatening bleeding. Case Rep Gastroenterol2012;6:772. doi: 10.1159/000346398; [Epub 2012 Dec 20]. CrossRef

304. Al BeteddiniOS, BrenezD, FirketC, et al.Colonic angiosarcoma: a case report and review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep2013;4:208. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2012.11.021; [Epub 2012 Dec 3]. CrossRef

305. Zacarias FöhrdingL, MacherA, BraunsteinS, et al.Small intestine bleeding due to multifocal angiosarcoma. World J Gastroenterol2012;18:6494. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i44.6494. CrossRef

306. AllisonKH, IlisinKH, YoderBJ, et al.Angiosarcoma involving the gastrointestinal tract: a series of primary and metastatic cases. Am J Surg Pathol2004;28:298. CrossRef

307. PopperH, ThomasLB, TellesNC, et al.Development of hepatic angiosarcoma in man induced by vinyl chloride, Thorotrast, and arsenic: comparison with cases of unknown etiology. Am J Pathol1978;92:349.

308. Butron VilaT, Garcia VillarO, Alonso GarciaS, et al.Angiosarcoma in the small intestine. Apropos of a particular case. Hepatogastroenterology2005;52:1139.

309. KelemenK, YuQQ, HowardL. Small intestinal angiosarcoma leading to perforation and acute abdomen: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med2004;128:95.

310. EnzingerFM, WeissSW. Malignant vascular tumors. In: EnzingerFM, WeissSW(ed). Soft Tissue Tumors, 2nd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1988: 545.

311. BurgdorfWHC, MukarK, RosaiJ. Immunohistochemical identification of factor VIII‐related antigen in endothelial cells of cutaneous lesions of alleged vascular nature. Am J Clin Pathol1981;75:167.

312. KieselH, MüllerAM, Schmitt‐GraeffA, et al.Dramatic and durable efficacy of imatinib in an advanced angiosarcoma without detectable KIT and PDGFRA mutations. Cancer Biol Ther2009;8:319. [Epub 2009 Feb 2]. CrossRef

313. CuetoJ, GilbertEF, CurrieRA. Hemangiopericytoma of the stomach. Am J Surg1966;112:943. CrossRef

314. MarangosGN. Hemangiopericytoma of the stomach. Gut1965;6:77. CrossRef

315. BinderSC, WolfeHJ, DeterlingRAJr. Intra‐abdominal hemangiopericytoma: report of four cases and review of the literature. Arch Surg1973;107:536. CrossRef

316. OlsenEG, WellwoodJM. Hemangiopericytoma of the small intestine: a report of three cases. Br J Surg1970;57:66. CrossRef

317. ThompsonJA. Hemangiopericytoma of the jejunum: a case report. Surgery1954;36:976.

318. GenterB, MirR, StraussR, et al.Hemangiopericytoma of the colon: report of a case and review of literature. Dis Colon Rectum1982;25:149. CrossRef

319. MarinoAWMJr. Hemangiopericytoma: a review of the literature and amplification. Dis Colon Rectum1959;2:438. CrossRef

320. CohaB, KrizanovicD, PerusinovicZ, et al.Hemangiopericytoma in the small intestine: a case report. Case Rep Gastroenterol2008;2:494. doi: 10.1159/000178167; [Epub 2008 Dec 5]. CrossRef

321. KayS, WarthenHJ. Hemangiopericytoma of the rectum. Cancer1953;6:167. CrossRef

322. LuL, ZhangLJ, ZhouCS, et al.Rectal hemangiopericytoma in a 37‐year‐old woman: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep2011;5:352. doi: 10.1186/1752‐1947‐5‐352. CrossRef

323. DozoisEJ, MalireddyKK, BowerTC, et al.Management of a retrorectal lipomatous hemangiopericytoma by preoperative vascular embolization and a multidisciplinary surgical team: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum2009;52:1017. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e318199dc31. CrossRef

324. GoldmanSM, DavidsonAJ, NealJ. Retroperitoneal and pelvic hemangiopericytomas: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation. Radiology1988;168:13. CrossRef

325. GrimsleyBR, LoggieBW, GocoIR. Hemangiopericytoma: an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am Surg1997;63:248.

326. EnzingerFM, SmithBH. Hemangiopericytoma: an analysis of 106 cases. Hum Pathol1976;7:61. CrossRef

327. EnzingerFM, WeissSW. Hemangiopericytoma. In: EnzingerFM, WeissSW(ed). Soft Tissue Tumors, 2nd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1988: 596.

328. ErlandsonRA, WoodruffJM. Role of electron microscopy in the evaluation of soft tissue neoplasms, with emphasis on spindle cell and pleomorphic tumors. Hum Pathol1998;29:1372. CrossRef

329. McMasterMJ, SouleEH, IvinsJC. Hemangiopericytoma: a clinicopathologic study and long‐term followup of 60 patients. Cancer1975;36:2232. CrossRef

330. YoshidaR, TakadaH, IwamotoS, et al.Malignant hemangioendothelioma of the small intestine: report of a case. Surg Today1999;29:439. CrossRef

331. Tortajada‐LaureiroL, Poza‐CordónJ, Froilán‐TorresC, et al.Hemangioendothelioma and other small bowel tumors as a cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Rev Esp Enferm Dig2013;105:239. CrossRef

332. GarzaA, PatelT, BradyP. Diagnosis of malignant hemangioendothelioma of the small intestine with capsule endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci2007;52:852. CrossRef

333. FraserSA, DeschênesJ, BloomC, et al.Ileocecal hobnail hemangioendothelioma: report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum2006;49:276. CrossRef

334. EnzingerFM, WeissSW. Hemangioendothelioma. In: EnzingerFM, WeissSW(ed). Soft Tissue Tumors, 2nd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1988: 533.

335. MakhloufHR, IshakKG, GoodmanZD. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver: a clinicopathologic study of 137 cases. Cancer1999;85:562. CrossRef

336. SanjayP, RamanS, ShannonJ, et al.Gastric epithelioid haemangioendothelioma: a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Postgrad Med J2005;e7.