1. DrydenGW, McClaveSA. Methods of treating dysphagia caused by benign esophageal strictures. Tech Gastrointest Endosc2001;3:135. CrossRef

2. AgnewSR, PandyaSP, ReynoldsRP, et al.Predictors for frequent esophageal dilations of benign peptic strictures. Dig Dis Sci1996;41:931. CrossRef

3. KochharR, MakhariaGK. Usefulness of intralesional triamcinolone in treatment of benign esophageal strictures. Gastrointest Endosc2002;56:829. CrossRef

4. WongRKH, MaydonovitchCL. Achalasia. In: CastellDO, ed. The Esophagus, 2nd edn. New York: Little Brown; 1995: 219.

5. NostrantTT. Esophageal dilatation. Dig Dis1995;13:337. CrossRef

6. GoldbergRI, MantenHO, BarkinJS. Esophageal bougienage with triple metal olive dilators. Gastrointest Endosc1986;32:226. CrossRef

7. KozarekRA. Endoscopic Grüntzig balloon dilation of gastrointestinal stenoses. J Clin Gastroenterol1984;6:401. CrossRef

8. RichterJE. Peptic strictures of the esophagus. Gastroenterol Clin North Am1999;28:875. CrossRef

9. MuehldorferSM, HahnEG, EllC. High‐ and low‐compliance balloon dilators in patients with achalasia: a randomized prospective comparative trial. Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:398. CrossRef

10. BeckerK, BiesenbachS, ErckenbrechtJF, et al.Effect of balloon compliance on symptomatic success of pneumatic dilation in achalasia patients. Z Gastroenterol2001;39:831. CrossRef

11. GoldsteinJA, BarkinJS. Comparison of the diameter consistency and dilating force of the controlled radial expansion balloon catheter to the conventional balloon dilators. Am J Gastroenterol2000;95:3423. CrossRef

12. Esophageal dilation. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc1998;48:702. CrossRef

13. PashaSF, FleischerDF. Dilation techniques: therapeutic procedures. In: ClassenM, TytgatGNJ, LightdaleCJ(eds). Gastroenterological Endoscopy, 2nd edn. New York: Thieme Medical Publishing; 2010: 323.

14. ChotiprasidhiP, MinochaA. Effectiveness of single dilation with Maloney dilator versus endoscopic rupture of Schatzki's ring using biopsy forceps. Dig Dis Sci2000;45:281. CrossRef

15. HarrisonME, SanowskiRA. Mercury dilation of benign strictures. Hepatogastroenterology1992;39:497.

16. BoyceHW. Dilation of difficult benign esophageal strictures. Am J Gastroenterol2005;100:744. CrossRef

17. ParasherVK. A novel approach to facilitate dilation of complex non‐traversable esophageal strictures by efficient wire exchange using a stent pusher. Gastrointest Endosc2000;51:730. CrossRef

18. ChiuYC, HsuCC, ChiuKW, et al.Factors influencing clinical applications of endoscopic balloon dilation for benign esophageal strictures. Endoscopy2004;36:595. CrossRef

19. YamamotoH, HughesRWJr, SchroederKW, et al.Treatment of benign esophageal stricture by Eder‐Puestow or balloon dilators: a comparison between randomized and prospective nonrandomized trials. Mayo Clin Proc1992;67:228. CrossRef

20. CoxJG, WinterRK, MaslinSC, et al.Balloon or bougie for dilatation of benign esophageal stricture?Dig Dis Sci1994;39:776. CrossRef

21. MearinF, ArmengolJR, ChicharroL, et al.Forceful dilatation under endoscopic control in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial of pneumatic versus metallic dilator. Gut1994;35:1360. CrossRef

22. SaeedZA, WinchesterCB, FerroPS, et al.Prospective randomized comparison of polyvinyl bougies and through‐the‐scope balloons for dilation of peptic strictures of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc1995;41:189. CrossRef

23. ScolapioJS, PashaTM, GostoutCJ, et al.A randomized prospective study comparing rigid to balloon dilators for benign esophageal strictures and rings. Gastrointest Endosc1999;50:13. CrossRef

24. KozarekRA, PattersonDJ, BallTJ, et al.Esophageal dilation can be done safely using selective fluoroscopy and single dilating sessions. J Clin Gastroenterol1995;20:184. CrossRef

25. RichterJ, BoeckxstaensG. Management of achalasia: surgery or pneumatic dilation. Gut2011;60:869. CrossRef

26. WerreA, MulderC, van HeterenC, et al.Dilation of benign strictures following low anterior resection using Savary‐Gilliard bougies. Endoscopy2000;32:385. CrossRef

27. BrandimarteG, TursiA, GasbarriniG. Endoscopic treatment of benign anastomotic colorectal stenosis with electrocautery. Endoscopy2000;32:461. CrossRef

28. HagiwaraA, SakakuraC, ShirasuM, et al.Sigmoidofiberscopic incision plus balloon dilatation for anastomotic cicatricial stricture after anterior resection of the rectum. World J Surg1999;23:717. CrossRef

29. Di GiorgioP, De LucaL, RivelliniG, et al.Endoscopic dilation of benign colorectal anastomotic stricture after low anterior resection: a prospective comparison study of two balloon types. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:347. CrossRef

30. MikaeliJ, BishehsariF, MontazeriG, et al.Pneumatic balloon dilatation in achalasia: a prospective comparison of safety and efficacy with different balloon diameters. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2004;20:431. CrossRef

31. KhanAA, ShahSW, AlamA, et al.Pneumatic balloon dilation in achalasia: a prospective comparison of balloon distention time. Am J Gastroenterol1998;93:1064. CrossRef

32. Alonso‐AguirreP, Aba‐GarroteC, Estevez‐PrietoE, et al.Treatment of achalasia with the Witzel dilator: a prospective randomized study of two methods. Endoscopy2003;35:379. CrossRef

33. KatzkaDA. Caustic injury to the esophagus. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol2001;4:59. CrossRef

34. MullickT, FalkGW. Esophageal strictures: etiology and diagnosis. Tech Gastrointest Endosc2001;3:128. CrossRef

35. PerngCL, LinHJ, LoWC, et al.Characteristics of patients with benign gastric outlet obstruction requiring surgery after endoscopic balloon dilation. Am J Gastroenterol1996;91:987.

36. LauJY, ChungSC, SungJJ, et al.Through‐the‐scope balloon dilation for pyloric stenosis: long‐term results. Gastrointest Endosc1996;43:98. CrossRef

37. CouckuytH, GeversAM, CoremansG, et al.Efficacy and safety of hydrostatic balloon dilatation of ileocolonic Crohn's strictures: a prospective long‐term analysis. Gut1995;36:577. CrossRef

38. RileyS, AttwoodS. Guidelines on the use of oesophageal dilatation in clinical practice. Gut2004;53(Suppl 1):i1. CrossRef

39. YounesZ, JohnsonDA. The spectrum of spontaneous and iatrogenic esophageal injury: perforations, Mallory‐Weiss tears, and hematomas. J Clin Gastroenterol1999;29:306. CrossRef

40. HirotaWK, WortmannGW, MaydonovitchCL, et al.The effect of oral decontamination with clindamycin palmitate on the incidence of bacteremia after esophageal dilation: a prospective trial. Gastrointest Endosc1999;50:475. CrossRef

41. ZuccaroGJr, RichterJE, RiceTW, et al.Viridans streptococcal bacteremia after esophageal stricture dilation. Gastrointest Endosc1998;48:568. CrossRef

42. AnandBS. Eder‐Puestow and Savary dilators. Hepatogastroenterology1992;39:494.

43. LewRJ, KochmanML. A review of endoscopic methods of esophageal dilation. J Clin Gastroenterol2002;35:117. CrossRef

44. KehSM, OnyekweluN, McManusK, et al.Corrosive injury to upper gastrointestinal tract: still a major surgical dilemma. World Journal Gastroenterol2006;12:5223.

45. HernandezLV, JacobsonJW, HarrisMS, et al.Comparison among the perforation rates of Maloney, balloon, and Savary dilation of esophageal strictures. Gastrointest Endosc2000;51:460. CrossRef

46. NostrantTT, NandiPS. Esophageal dilation. Gastroenterologist1998;6:5.

47. MarshallJB, AfridiSA, KingPD, et al.Esophageal dilation with polyvinyl (American) dilators over a marked guidewire: practice and safety at one center over a 5‐yr period. Am J Gastroenterol1996;91:1503.

48. TuckerLE. Esophageal stricture: results of dilation of 300 patients. Mo Med1992;89:668.

49. JungKW, GundersenN, KopacovaJ, et al.Occurrence of and risk factors for complications after endoscopic dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc2011;73:15. CrossRef

50. SilvisSE, NebelO, RogersG, et al.Endoscopic complications. Results of the 1974 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Survey. JAMA1976;235:928. CrossRef

51. NelsonDB. Infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Lab Clin Med2003;141:159. CrossRef

52. BanerjeeS, ShenB, BaronTH. Antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. Gastrointest Endosc2008;67:791. CrossRef

53. WilsonW, TaubertKA, GewitzM, et al.Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation2007;116:1736. CrossRef

54. NishimuraRA, CarabelloBA, FaxonDP, et al.ACC/AHA 2008 guideline update on valvular heart disease: focused update on infective endocarditis: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation2008;118:887. CrossRef

55. KondoJ, IijimaH, AbeT, et al.Roles of double‐balloon endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of Crohn's disease: a multicenter experience. J Gastroenterol2010;45:713. CrossRef

56. KozarekRA. Endoscopic treatment of Crohn's primary and anastomotic strictures. In: BaylessTM, HanauerSB(eds). Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 3rd edn. Shelton, CT: People's Medical Publishing House; 2011: 793.

57. WillsJC, HildenK, DisarioJA, et al.A randomized, prospective trial of electrosurgical incision followed by rabeprazole versus bougie dilation followed by rabeprazole of symptomatic esophageal (Schatzki's) rings. Gastrointest Endosc2008;67:808. CrossRef

58. IbrahimA, ColeRA, QureshiWA, et al.Schatzki's ring: to cut or break an unresolved problem. Dig Dis Sci2004;49:379. CrossRef

59. BrandimarteG, TursiA. Endoscopic treatment of benign anastomotic esophageal stenosis with electrocautery. Endoscopy2002;34:399. CrossRef

60. KochharR, PoornachandraKS. Intralesional steroid injection therapy in the management of resistant gastrointestinal strictures. World J Gastrointest Endosc2010;2:61. CrossRef

61. AltintasE, KacarS, TuncB, et al.Intralesional steroid injection in benign esophageal strictures resistant to bougie dilation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2004;19:1388. CrossRef

62. HarlakA, YigitT, CoskunK, et al.Surgical treatment of caustic esophageal strictures in adults. Int J Surg2013;11:164. CrossRef

63. Pereira‐LimaJC, RamiresRP, ZaminIJr, et al.Endoscopic dilation of benign esophageal strictures: report on 1043 procedures. Am J Gastroenterol1999;94:1497. CrossRef

64. LindorKD, OttBJ, HughesRWJr. Balloon dilatation of upper digestive tract strictures. Gastroenterology1985;89:545.

65. ScolapioJS, PashaTM, GostoutCJ, et al.A randomized prospective study comparing rigid to balloon dilators for benign esophageal strictures and rings. Gastrointest Endosc1999;50:13. CrossRef

66. FellowsIW, RainaS, HolmesGK. Celestin dilatation of benign esophageal strictures: a review of 100 patients. Am J Gastroenterol1986;81:1052.

67. DumonJF, MericB, SivakMVJr, et al.A new method of esophageal dilation using Savary‐Gilliard bougies. Gastrointest Endosc1985;31:379. CrossRef

68. JonesMP, BrattenJR, McClaveSA. The optical dilator: a clear, over‐the‐scope bougie with sequential dilating segments. Gastrointest Endosc2006;63:840. CrossRef

69. CherianPT, CherianS, SinghP. Long‐term follow‐up of patients with gastric outlet obstruction related to peptic ulcer disease treated with endoscopic balloon dilatation and drug therapy. Gastrointest Endosc2007;66:491. CrossRef

70. LamYH, LauJY, FungTM, et al.Endoscopic balloon dilation for benign gastric outlet obstruction with or without Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:229. CrossRef

71. BenjaminSB, CattauEL, GlassRL. Balloon dilation of the pylorus: therapy for gastric outlet obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc1982;28:253. CrossRef

72. McLeanGK, CooperGS, HartzWH, et al.Radiologically guided balloon dilation of gastrointestinal strictures. Part II. Results of long‐term follow‐up. Radiology1987;165:41. CrossRef

73. KozarekRA, BotomanVA, PattersonDJ. Long‐term follow‐up in patients who have undergone balloon dilation for gastric outlet obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc1990;36:558. CrossRef

74. FregoneseD, Di FalcoG, Di TomaF. Balloon dilatation of anastomotic intestinal stenoses: long‐term results. Endoscopy1990;22:249. CrossRef

75. FukumotoA, TanakaS, YamamotoH, et al.Diagnosis and treatment of small‐bowel stricture by double balloon endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc2007;66:108. CrossRef

76. PohlJ, MayA, NachbarL, et al.Diagnostic and therapeutic yield of push‐and‐pull enteroscopy for symptomatic small bowel Crohn's disease strictures. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2007;19:529. CrossRef

77. HiraiF, BeppuT, SouS, et al.Endoscopic balloon dilatation using double‐balloon endoscopy is a useful and safe treatment for small intestinal strictures in Crohn's disease. Dig Endosc2010;22:200. CrossRef

78. YamamotoH, KitaH, SunadaK, et al.Clinical outcomes of double‐balloon endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of small‐intestinal diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2004;2:1010. CrossRef

79. KondoJ, IijimaH, AbeT, et al.Roles of double‐balloon endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of Crohn's disease: a multicenter experience. J Gastroenterol2010;45:713. CrossRef

80. IraniS, BalmadridB, SevenG, et al.Balloon dilation of benign small bowel strictures using double balloon enteroscopy: 5‐year review from a single tertiary referral center. Gastroint Intervention2012;1:74. CrossRef

81. SunadaK, YamamotoH, KitaH, et al.Clinical outcomes of enteroscopy using the double‐balloon method for strictures of the small intestine. World J Gastroenterol2005;11:1087. CrossRef

82. AlbertJG. Interventional balloon‐enteroscopy. J Interv Gastroenterol2012;2:42. CrossRef

83. KeuchelM. Double balloon (push‐and‐pull) enteroscopy: breakthrough in the management of small intestinal strictures in Crohn's disease?Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2007;19:523. CrossRef

84. BlombergB, RolnyP, JarnerotG. Endoscopic treatment of anastomotic strictures in Crohn's disease. Endoscopy1991;23:195. CrossRef

85. RamboerC, VerhammeM, DhondtE, et al.Endoscopic treatment of stenosis in recurrent Crohn's disease with balloon dilation combined with local corticosteroid injection. Gastrointest Endosc1995;42:252. CrossRef

86. SinghVV, DraganovP, ValentineJ. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic balloon dilation of symptomatic upper and lower gastrointestinal Crohn's disease strictures. J Clin Gastroenterol2005;39:284. CrossRef

87. BrookerJC, BeckettCG, SaundersBP, et al.Long‐acting steroid injection after endoscopic dilation of anastomotic Crohn's strictures may improve the outcome: a retrospective case series. Endoscopy2003;35:333. CrossRef

88. LinaresL, MoreiraLF, AndrewsH, et al.Natural history and treatment of anorectal strictures complicating Crohn's disease. Br J Surg1988;75:653. CrossRef

89. PietropaoloV, MasonIL, FerraraM, et al.Endoscopic dilation of colonic postoperative strictures. Surg Endosc1990;4:26. CrossRef

90. SoltJ, HertelendyA, SzilagyiK. Long‐term results of balloon catheter dilation of lower gastrointestinal tract stenosis. Dis Colon Rectum2004;47:1499. CrossRef

91. VirgilioC, CosentinoS, FavaraC, et al.Endoscopic treatment of postoperative colonic strictures using an achalasia dilator: short‐term and long‐term results. Endoscopy1995;27:219. CrossRef

92. IraniS, KozarekR. History of GI stenting: rigid prostheses in the esophagus. In: KozarekRA, BaronTH, SongH‐Y(eds). Self‐Expandable Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Springer; 2013: 3. CrossRef

93. KozarekRA. Bridging intestinal narrowings with prostheses. In: TytgatGNJ, ClassenM, WayeJD, et al. (eds). Therapeutic Endoscopy, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000: 39.

94. KnyrimK, WagnerHJ, BethgeN, et al.A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. N Engl J Med1993;329:1302. CrossRef

95. BaronT, KozarekRA. Gastrointestinal stenting. In: ClassenM, TytgatGNJ, LightdaleCJ(eds). Gastroenterological Endoscopy, 2nd edn. New York: Thieme Medical Publishing; 2010: 393.

96. NevittAW, VidaF, KozarekRA, et al.Expandable metallic prostheses for malignant obstructions of gastric outlet and proximal small bowel. Gastrointest Endosc1998;47:271. CrossRef

97. YimHB, JacobsonBC, SaltzmanJR, et al.Clinical outcome of the use of enteral stents for palliation of patients with malignant upper GI obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc2001;53:329. CrossRef

98. MainarA, De Gregorio ArizaMA, TejeroE, et al.Acute colorectal obstruction: treatment with self‐expandable metallic stents before scheduled surgery. Results of a multicenter study. Radiology1999;210:65. CrossRef

99. GrundKE, StorekD, BeckerHD. Highly flexible self‐expanding meshed metal stents for palliation of malignant esophagogastric obstruction. Endoscopy1995;27:486. CrossRef

100. KozarekRA, RaltzS, MarconN, et al.Use of the 25 mm flanged esophageal Z stent for malignant dysphagia: a prospective multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc1997;46:156. CrossRef

101. ConioM, De CeglieA. Esophageal prostheses. In: KozarekRA, BaronTH, SongH‐Y(eds). Self‐Expandable Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Springer; 2013: 73. CrossRef

102. SiersemaPD, HopWC, van BlankensteinM, et al.A new design metal stent (Flamingo stent) for palliation of malignant dysphagia: a prospective study. The Rotterdam Esophageal Tumor Study Group. Gastrointest Endosc2000;51:139. CrossRef

103. DuaKS, KozarekR, KimJ, et al.Self‐expanding metal esophageal stent with anti‐reflux mechanism. Gastrointest Endosc2001;53:603. CrossRef

104. MayoralW, FleischerDE. The esophacoil stent for malignant esophageal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am1999;9:423.

105. NasoP, BonannoG, AprileG, et al.EsophaCoil for palliation of dysphagia in unresectable oesophageal carcinoma: short‐ and long‐term results. Dig Liver Dis2001;33:653. CrossRef

106. SongHY, JungHY, ParkSI, et al.Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in patients with benign esophageal strictures: initial experience. Radiology2000;217:551. CrossRef

107. SwinnenJ, EisendrathP, RigauxJ, et al.Self‐expandable metal stents for the treatment of benign upper GI leaks and perforations. Gastrointest Endosc2011;73:890. CrossRef

108. EisendrathP, CremerM, HimpensJ, et al.Endotherapy including temporary stenting of fistulas of the upper gastrointestinal tract after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Endoscopy2007;39:625. CrossRef

109. VakilN, GrossU, BethgeN. Human tissue responses to metal stents. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am1999;9:359.

110. CostamagnaG, ShahSK, TringaliA, et al.Prospective evaluation of a new self‐expanding plastic stent for inoperable esophageal strictures. Surg Endosc2003;17:891. CrossRef

111. RepiciA, ConioM, De AngelisC, et al.Temporary placement of an expandable polyester silicone‐covered stent for treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:513. CrossRef

112. EvrardS, LeMO, LazarakiG, et al.Self‐expanding plastic stents for benign esophageal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:894. CrossRef

113. RadeckeK, GerkenG, TreichelU. Impact of a self‐expanding, plastic esophageal stent on various esophageal stenoses, fistulas, and leakages: a single‐center experience in 39 patients. Gastrointest Endosc2005;61:812. CrossRef

114. GelbmannCM, RatiuNL, RathHC, et al.Use of self‐expandable plastic stents for the treatment of esophageal perforations and symptomatic anastomotic leaks. Endoscopy2004;36:695. CrossRef

115. HunerbeinM, StroszczynskiC, MoestaKT, et al.Treatment of thoracic anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy with self‐expanding plastic stents. Ann Surg2004;240:801. CrossRef

116. LangerFB, WenzlE, PragerG, et al.Management of postoperative esophageal leaks with the Polyflex self‐expanding covered plastic stent. Ann Thorac Surg2005;79:398. CrossRef

117. RepiciA, VleggaarFP, HassanC, et al.Efficacy and safety of biodegradable stents for refractory benign esophageal strictures: the BEST (Biodegradable Esophageal Stent) study. Gastrointest Endosc2010;72:927. CrossRef

118. MohanV, KozarekRA. Placement of conventional and expandable stents for malignant esophageal stenoses. Tech Gastrointest Endosc2001;3:166. CrossRef

119. WhiteRE, MungatanaC, TopazianM. Esophageal stent placement without fluoroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc2001;53:348. CrossRef

120. VanbiervlietG, PicheT, Caroli‐BoscFX, et al.Endoscopic argon plasma trimming of biliary and gastrointestinal metallic stents. Endoscopy2005;37:434. CrossRef

121. KimTI. Colonic prostheses. In: KozarekRA, BaronTH, SongH‐Y(eds). Self‐Expandable Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Springer; 2013: 121. CrossRef

122. Van den bergMW, HaijtinkS, FockensP, et al.First data on the Evolution duodenal stent for palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (DUOLUTION study): a prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy2013;45:174. CrossRef

123. SharmaP, KozarekR, Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Role of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseases. Am J Gastroenterol2010;105:258. CrossRef

124. RossA, KozarekRA. Esophageal stents: indications and placement techniques. In: KozarekRA, BaronTH, SongH‐Y(eds). Self‐Expandable Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Springer; 2013: 129. CrossRef

125. MaetaniI, InoueH, SatoM, et al.Peroral insertion techniques of self‐expanding metal stents for malignant gastric outlet and duodenal stenoses. Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:468. CrossRef

126. JeurninkSM, van EijckCH, SteyerbergEW, et al.Stent versus gastrojejunostomy for the palliation of gastric outlet obstruction: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol2007;7:18. CrossRef

127. JeurninkSM, SteyerbergEW, van HooftJE, et al.Surgical gastrojejunostomy or endoscopic stent placement for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (SUSTENT study): a multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc2010;7:490. CrossRef

128. Martinez‐SantosC, LobatoRF, FradejasJM, et al.Self‐expandable stent before elective surgery vs. emergency surgery for the treatment of malignant colorectal obstructions: comparison of primary anastomosis and morbidity rates. Dis Colon Rectum2002;45:401. CrossRef

129. LawWL, ChoiHK, ChuKW. Comparison of stenting with emergency surgery as palliative treatment for obstructing primary left‐sided colorectal cancer. Br J Surg2003;90:1429. CrossRef

130. AnsaloniL, AnderssonRE, BazzoliF, et al.Guidelines in the management of obstructing cancer of the left colon: consensus conference of the world society of emergency surgery (WSES) and peritoneum and surgery (PnS) society. World J Emerg Surg2010;5:29. CrossRef

131. HarrisonME, AndersonMA, AppalaneniV, et al.The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with known and suspected colonic obstruction and pseudo‐obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc2010;71:669. CrossRef

132. BaronTH, DeanPA, YatesMRI, et al.Expandable metal stents for the treatment of colonic obstruction: techniques and outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc1998;47:277. CrossRef

133. FioriE, LamazzaA, De CesareA, et al.Palliative management of malignant rectosigmoidal obstruction: colostomy vs. endoscopic stenting. A randomized prospective trial. Anticancer Res2004;24:265.

134. SmallAJ, Coelho‐PrabhuN, BaronTH. Endoscopic placement of self‐expandable metal stents for malignant colonic obstruction: long‐term outcomes and complication factors. Gastrointest Endosc2010;71:560. CrossRef

135. DormannAJ, EisendrathP, WigginghausB, et al.Palliation of esophageal carcinoma with a new self‐expanding plastic stent. Endoscopy2003;35:207. CrossRef

136. EloubeidiMA, LopesTL. Novel removable internally fully covered self‐expanding metal esophageal stent: feasibility, technique of removal, and tissue response in humans. Am J Gastroenterol2009;104:1374. CrossRef

137. BakkenJC, Wong Kee SongLM, et al.Use of a fully covered self‐expandable metal stent for the treatment of benign esophageal diseases. Gastrointest Endosc2010;72:712. CrossRef

138. SenousyBE, GupteAR, DraganovPV, et al.Fully covered Alimaxx esophageal metal stents in the endoscopic treatment of benign esophageal diseases. Dig Dis Sci2010;55:3399. CrossRef

139. FreemanRK, AsciotiAJ, WozniakTC. Postoperative esophageal leak management with the Polyflex esophageal stent. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg2007;133:333. CrossRef

140. De PalmaGD, di MatteoE, RomanoG, et al.Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable esophageal thoracic carcinoma: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc1996;43:478. CrossRef

141. SanyikaC, CorrP, HaffejeeA. Palliative treatment of oesophageal carcinoma: efficacy of plastic versus self‐expandable stents. S Afr Med J1999;89:640.

142. WengerU, LuoJ, LundellL, et al.A nationwide study of the use of self‐expanding stents in patients with esophageal cancer in Sweden. Endoscopy2005;37:329. CrossRef

143. AdamA, EllulJ, WatkinsonAF, et al.Palliation of inoperable esophageal carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial of laser therapy and stent placement. Radiology1997;202:344. CrossRef

144. VakilN, MorrisAI, MarconN, et al.A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of covered expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction at the gastroesophageal junction. Am J Gastroenterol2001;96:1791. CrossRef

145. SaranovicD, Djuric‐StefanovicA, IvanovicA, et al.Fluoroscopically guided insertion of self‐expandable metal esophageal stents for palliative treatment of patients with malignant stenosis of esophagus and cardia: comparison of uncovered and covered stent types. Dis Esophagus2005;18:230. CrossRef

146. HomsMY, WahabPJ, KuipersEJ, et al.Esophageal stents with antireflux valve for tumors of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia: a randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:695. CrossRef

147. LaaschHU, MarriottA, WilbrahamL, et al.Effectiveness of open versus antireflux stents for palliation of distal esophageal carcinoma and prevention of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Radiology2002;225:359. CrossRef

148. ShimCS, JungIS, CheonYK, et al.Management of malignant stricture of the esophagogastric junction with a newly designed self‐expanding metal stent with an antireflux mechanism. Endoscopy2005;37:335. CrossRef

149. ConioM, Caroli‐BoscF, DemarquayJF, et al.Self‐expanding metal stents in the palliation of neoplasms of the cervical esophagus. Hepatogastroenterology1999;46:272.

150. MersolJV, KozarekRA. Spine complications of stent placement. Gastrointest Endosc2002;55:241. CrossRef

151. KohlO, RauberK, DopplW. Perforation of an esophageal stent into the common carotid artery. Gastrointest Endosc2001;53:374. CrossRef

152. SiersemaPD, HopWC, DeesJ, et al.Coated self‐expanding metal stents versus latex prostheses for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc1998;47:113. CrossRef

153. KinsmanKJ, DeGregorioBT, KatonRM, et al.Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life‐threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc1996;43:196. CrossRef

154. MaierA, PinterH, FriehsGB, et al.Self‐expandable coated stent after intraluminal treatment of esophageal cancer: a risky procedure?Ann Thorac Surg1999;67:781. CrossRef

155. MutoM, OhtsuA, MiyataY, et al.Self‐expandable metallic stents for patients with recurrent esophageal carcinoma after failure of primary chemoradiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol2001;31:270. CrossRef

156. KanekoK, ItoH, KonishiK, et al.Implantation of self‐expanding metallic stent for patients with malignant stricture after failure of definitive chemoradiotherapy for T3 or T4 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Hepatogastroenterology2002;49:699.

157. KozarekRA, BallTJ, BrandaburJJ, et al.Expandable versus conventional esophageal prostheses: easier insertion may not preclude subsequent stent‐related problems. Gastrointest Endosc1996;43:204. CrossRef

158. RaijmanI, SiddiqueI, LynchP. Does chemoradiation therapy increase the incidence of complications with self‐expanding coated stents in the management of malignant esophageal strictures?Am J Gastroenterol1997;92:2192.

159. HomsMY, HansenBE, van BlankensteinM, et al.Prior radiation and/or chemotherapy has no effect on the outcome of metal stent placement for oesophagogastric carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2004;16:163. CrossRef

160. JavedA, PalS, DashNR, et al.Palliative stenting with or without radiotherapy for inoperable esophageal carcinoma: a randomized trial. J Gastrointest Cancer.2012;43:63. CrossRef

161. GuoJH, TengGJ, ZhuGY, et al.Self‐expandable esophageal stent loaded with 125I seeds: initial experience in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Radiology2008;247:574. CrossRef

162. DallalHJ, SmithGD, GrieveDC, et al.A randomized trial of thermal ablative therapy versus expandable metal stents in the palliative treatment of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc2001;54:549. CrossRef

163. XinopoulosD, DimitroulopoulosD, MoschandreaI, et al.Natural course of inoperable esophageal cancer treated with metallic expandable stents: quality of life and cost‐effectiveness analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2004;19:1397. CrossRef

164. KonigsrainerA, RiedmannB, De VriesA, et al.Expandable metal stents versus laser combined with radiotherapy for palliation of unresectable esophageal cancer: a prospective randomized trial. Hepatogastroenterology2000;47:724.

165. HomsMY, SteyerbergEW, EijkenboomWM, et al.Single‐dose brachytherapy versus metal stent placement for the palliation of dysphagia from oesophageal cancer: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet2004;364:1497. CrossRef

166. BergquistH, WengerU, JohnssonE, et al.Stent insertion or endoluminal brachytherapy as palliation of patients with advanced cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Dis Esophagus2005;18:131. CrossRef

167. DormannA, MeisnerS, VerinN, et al.Self‐expanding metal stents for gastroduodenal malignancies: systematic review of their clinical effectiveness. Endoscopy2004;36:543. CrossRef

168. KhotUP, LangAW, MuraliK, et al.Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of colorectal stents. Br J Surg2002;89:1096. CrossRef

169. SebastianS, JohnstonS, GeogheganT, et al.Pooled analysis of the efficacy and safety of self‐expanding metal stenting in malignant colorectal obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol2004;99:2051. CrossRef

170. KimCG, ChoiIJ, LeeJY, et al.Covered versus uncovered self‐expandable metallic stents for palliation of malignant pyloric obstruction in gastric cancer patients: a randomized, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc2010;72:25. CrossRef

171. KimJH, SongHY, ShinJH, et al.Metallic stent placement in the palliative treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstructions: prospective evaluation of results and factors influencing outcome in 213 patients. Gastrointest Endosc2007;66:256. CrossRef

172. LeeKM, ChoiSJ, ShinSJ, et al.Palliative treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction with metallic stent: prospective comparison of covered and uncovered stents. Scand J Gastroenterol2009;44:846. CrossRef

173. van HooftJE, van MontfoortML, JeurninkSM, et al.Safety and efficacy of a new non‐foreshortening nitinol stent in malignant gastric outlet obstruction (DUONITI study): a prospective, multicenter study. Endoscopy2011;43:671. CrossRef

174. van HooftJE, UitdehaagMJ, BrunoMJ, et al.Efficacy and safety of the new WallFlex enteral stent in palliative treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (DUOFLEX study): a prospective multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc2009;69:1059. CrossRef

175. DatyeA, HershJ. Colonic perforation after stent placement for malignant colorectal obstruction–causes and contributing factors. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol2011;20:133. CrossRef

176. TrompetasV, SaundersM, GossageJ, et al.Shortcomings in colonic stenting to palliate large bowel obstruction from extracolonic malignancies. Int J Colorectal Dis2010;25:851. CrossRef

177. van HooftJE, FockensP, MarinelliAW, et al.Early closure of a multicenter randomized clinical trial of endoscopic stenting versus surgery for stage IV left‐sided colorectal cancer. Endoscopy2008;40:184. CrossRef

178. ManesG, de BellisM, FuccioL, et al.Endoscopic palliation in patients with incurable malignant colorectal obstruction by means of self‐expanding metal stent: analysis of results and predictors of outcomes in a large multicenter series. Arch Surg2011;146:1157. CrossRef

179. CarnePW, FryeJN, RobertsonGM, et al.Stents or open operation for palliation of colorectal cancer: a retrospective, cohort study of perioperative outcome and long‐term survival. Dis Colon Rectum2004;47:1455. CrossRef

180. TaalBG, KooymanWM, BootH. Expandable stents compared to conventional plastic endoprostheses in malignant oesophageal obstruction, especially in cardiac cancer and fistulas: the experience of the Netherlands Cancer Institute. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1998;10:745. CrossRef

181. SinghviR, AbbasakoorF, MansonJM. Insertion of self‐expanding metal stents for malignant dysphagia: assessment of a simple endoscopic method. Ann R Coll Surg Engl2000;82:243.

182. NicholsonDA, HaycoxA, KayCL, et al.The cost effectiveness of metal oesophageal stenting in malignant disease compared with conventional therapy. Clin Radiol1999;54:212. CrossRef

183. SiersemaPD, WimCH, van TilburnAJ, et al.A prospective randomized study comparing three types of covered metal stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Gastrointest Endosc2000;51:AB225. CrossRef

184. SabharwalT, HamadyMS, ChuiS, et al.A randomised prospective comparison of the Flamingo Wallstent and Ultraflex stent for palliation of dysphagia associated with lower third oesophageal carcinoma. Gut2003;52:922. CrossRef

185. BaronT, KozarekRA. Esophageal stents: benign. In: KozarekRA, BaronTH, SongH‐Y(eds). Self‐Expandable Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Springer; 2013: 205. CrossRef

186. ThomasT, AbramsKR, SubramanianV, et al.Esophageal stents for benign refractory strictures: a meta‐analysis. Endoscopy2011;43:386. CrossRef

187. van BoeckelPG, SijbringA, VleggaarFP, et al.Systematic review: temporary stent placement for benign rupture or anastomotic leak of the oesophagus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;33:1292. CrossRef

188. EscorsellA, BoschJ. Self‐expandable metal stents in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Gastroenterol Res Pract2011;2011:910986. CrossRef

189. HubmannR, BodlajG, CzompoM, et al.The use of self‐expanding metal stents to treat acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Endoscopy2006;38:896. CrossRef

190. LiYD, TangGY, ChengYS, et al.13‐year follow‐up of a prospective comparison of the long‐term clinical efficacy of temporary self‐expanding metallic stents and pneumatic dilatation for the treatment of achalasia in 120 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol2010;195:1429. CrossRef

191. ChengYS, MaF, LiYD, et al.Temporary self‐expanding metallic stents for achalasia: a prospective study with a long‐term follow‐up. World J Gastroenterol2010;16:5111. CrossRef

192. KimJH, SongHY, ParkSW, et al.Early symptomatic strictures after gastric surgery: palliation with balloon dilation and stent placement. J Vasc Interv Radiol2008;19:565. CrossRef

193. BreitensteinS, RickenbacherA, BerdajsD, et al.Systematic evaluation of surgical strategies for acute malignant left‐sided colonic obstruction. Br J Surg2007;94:1451. CrossRef

194. GeigerTM, MiedemaBW, TsereteliZ, et al.Stent placement for benign colonic stenosis: case report, review of the literature, and animal pilot data. Int J Colorectal Dis2008;23:1007. CrossRef

195. O'DeaJ, SiersemaPD. Esophageal dilation with integrated balloon imaging: initial evaluation in a porcine model. Therap Adv Gastroenterol2013;6:109. CrossRef

196. LaaschHU. Current designs of self‐expanding stents. In: KozarekRA, BaronTH, SongH‐Y(eds). Self‐Expandable Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Springer; 2013: 51. CrossRef

197. ParkJW, PavcnikD, UchidaBT, et al.Small intestinal submucosa covered expandable Z stents for treatment of tracheal injury: an experimental pilot study in swine. J Vasc Intervent Radiol2000;11:1325. CrossRef

198. YamadaK, PavcnikD, UchidaBT, et al.Endoluminal treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm with small intestinal submucosa sandwich endografts: a pilot study in sheep. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol2001;24:99. CrossRef

199. BinmoellerKF, ShahJ. A novel lumen‐apposing stent for transluminal drainage of nonadherent extraintestinal fluid collections. Endoscopy2011;43:337. CrossRef

200. ItoiT, BinmoellerKF, ShahJ, et al.Clinical evaluation of a novel lumen‐apposing metal stent for endosonography‐guided pancreatic pseudocyst and gallbladder drainage (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc2012;75:870. CrossRef