Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology

Sixth Edition

Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky,
Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz,
Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang

References

Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage

1. CappellMS, FriedelD. Initial management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: from initial evaluation up to gastrointestinal endoscopy. Med Clin North Am2008;92:491, xi. PubMed PMID: 18387374. Epub 2008/04/05. eng. CrossRef

2. CrooksCJ, WestJ, CardTR. Co‐morbidities affect risk of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology2013;144:1384. PubMed PMID: 23470619. Epub 2013/03/09. Eng. CrossRef

3. LaineL, YangH, ChangSC, et al.Trends for incidence of hospitalization and death due to GI complications in the United States from 2001 to 2009. Am J Gastroenterol2012;107:1190, quiz 6. PubMed PMID: 22688850. Epub 2012/06/13. eng. CrossRef

4. LewisJD, BilkerWB, BrensingerC, et al.Hospitalization and mortality rates from peptic ulcer disease and GI bleeding in the 1990s: relationship to sales of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and acid suppression medications. Am J Gastroenterol2002;97:2540. PubMed PMID: 12385436. Epub 2002/10/19. eng. CrossRef

5. TargownikLE, NabalambaA. Trends in management and outcomes of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: 1993–2003. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2006;4:1459. PubMed PMID: 17101296. Epub 2006/11/15. eng. CrossRef

6. BarkunAN, BardouM, KuipersEJ, et al.International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Intern Med2010;152:101.PubMed PMID: 20083829. Epub 2010/01/20. eng. CrossRef

7. van LeerdamME. Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol2008;22:209. PubMed PMID: 18346679. Epub 2008/03/19. eng. CrossRef

8. HearnshawSA, LoganRF, LoweD, et al.Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut2011;60:1327. PubMed PMID: 21490373. Epub 2011/04/15. eng. CrossRef

9. LongstrethGF, FeitelbergSP. Hospital care of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: 1991 versus 1981. J Clin Gastroenterol1994;19:189. PubMed PMID: 7806826. Epub 1994/10/01. eng. CrossRef

10. BaradaK, Abdul‐BakiH, ElHII, et al.Gastrointestinal bleeding in the setting of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol2009;43:5. PubMed PMID: 18607297. Epub 2008/07/09. eng. CrossRef

11. Committee BSoGE. Non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: guidelines. Gut2002;51(Suppl IV):iv1. CrossRef

12. BaradarianR, RamdhaneyS, ChapalamaduguR, et al.Early intensive resuscitation of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding decreases mortality. Am J Gastroenterol2004;99:619. PubMed PMID: 15089891. CrossRef

13. RazzaghiA, BarkunAN. Platelet transfusion threshold in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review. J Clin Gastroenterol2012;46:482. PubMed PMID: 22688143. Epub 2012/06/13. eng. CrossRef

14. GutierrezG, ReinesHD, Wulf‐GutierrezME. Clinical review: hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care2004;8:373. PubMed PMID: 15469601. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1065003. Epub 2004/10/08. eng. CrossRef

15. SlichterSJ. Evidence‐based platelet transfusion guidelines. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program2007;172. PubMed PMID: 18024626. Epub 2007/11/21. eng. CrossRef

16. JensenDM, MachicadoGA. Diagnosis and treatment of severe hematochezia. The role of urgent colonoscopy after purge. Gastroenterology1988;95:1569. PubMed PMID: 3263294. Epub 1988/12/01. eng.

17. HuangES, KarsanS, KanwalF, et al.Impact of nasogastric lavage on outcomes in acute GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc2011;74:971. PubMed PMID: 21737077. Epub 2011/07/09. eng. CrossRef

18. AljebreenAM, FalloneCA, BarkunAN. Nasogastric aspirate predicts high‐risk endoscopic lesions in patients with acute upper‐GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc2004;59:172. PubMed PMID: 14745388. Epub 2004/01/28. eng. CrossRef

19. PalamidessiN, SinertR, FalzonL, et al.Nasogastric aspiration and lavage in emergency department patients with hematochezia or melena without hematemesis. Acad Emerg Med2010;17:126. PubMed PMID: 20370741. Epub 2010/04/08. eng. CrossRef

20. BarkunA, BardouM, GralnekI. Erythromycin and other prokinetics in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding? A meta‐analysis [abstract]. Gastroenterology2009;134.

21. CarbonellN, PauwelsA, SerfatyL, et al.Erythromycin infusion prior to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a randomized, controlled, double‐blind trial. Am J Gastroenterol2006;101:1211. PubMed PMID: 16771939. Epub 2006/06/15. eng. CrossRef

22. FrossardJL, SpahrL, QueneauPE, et al.Erythromycin intravenous bolus infusion in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a randomized, controlled, double‐blind trial. Gastroenterology2002;123:17. PubMed PMID: 12105828. Epub 2002/07/10. eng. CrossRef

23. SreedharanA, MartinJ, LeontiadisGI, et al.Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2010;(7):CD005415. PubMed PMID: 20614440.

24. Al‐SabahS, BarkunAN, HerbaK, et al.Cost‐effectiveness of proton‐pump inhibition before endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2008;6:418. PubMed PMID: 18304891. CrossRef

25. LaineL, JensenDM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol2012;107:345, quiz 61. PubMed PMID: 22310222. Epub 2012/02/09. eng. CrossRef

26. LeontiadisGI, SharmaVK, HowdenCW. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of proton pump inhibitor therapy in peptic ulcer bleeding. BMJ2005;330:568. PubMed PMID: 15684023. Pubmed Central PMCID: 554028. CrossRef

27. SungJJ, BarkunA, KuipersEJ, et al.Intravenous esomeprazole for prevention of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med2009;150:455. PubMed PMID: 19221370. Epub 2009/02/18. eng. CrossRef

28. WangCH, MaMH, ChouHC, et al.High‐dose vs non‐high‐dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic treatment in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med2010;170:751. PubMed PMID: 20458081. CrossRef

29. ChenCC, LeeJY, FangYJ, et al.Randomised clinical trial: high‐dose vs. standard‐dose proton pump inhibitors for the prevention of recurrent haemorrhage after combined endoscopic haemostasis of bleeding peptic ulcers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2012;35:894. PubMed PMID: 22369682. CrossRef

30. YenHH, YangCW, SuWW, et al.Oral versus intravenous proton pump inhibitors in preventing re‐bleeding for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic therapy. BMC Gastroenterol2012;12:66. PubMed PMID: 22681960. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3503825. CrossRef

31. LuLS, LinSC, KuoCM, et al.A real world report on intravenous high‐dose and non‐high‐dose proton‐pump inhibitors therapy in patients with endoscopically treated high‐risk peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastroenterol Res Pract2012;2012:858612. PubMed PMID: 22844276. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3403596.

32. ChoiKD, KimN, JangIJ, et al.Optimal dose of intravenous pantoprazole in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding requiring endoscopic hemostasis in Korea. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;24:1617. PubMed PMID: 19686407. CrossRef

33. LiY, ShaW, NieY, et al.Effect of intragastric pH on control of peptic ulcer bleeding. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2000;15:148. PubMed PMID: 10735538. CrossRef

34. GoldsteinJA. Clinical relevance of genetic polymorphisms in the human CYP2C subfamily. Br J Clin Pharmacol2001;52:349. PubMed PMID: 11678778. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2014584. CrossRef

35. SugimotoM, FurutaT. Efficacy of esomeprazole in treating acid‐related diseases in Japanese populations. Clin Exp Gastroenterol2012;5:49. PubMed PMID: 22649281. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3359912. CrossRef

36. LimLG, HoKY. Gastroesophageal reflux disease at the turn of millennium. World J Gastroenterol2003;9:2135. PubMed PMID: 14562363.

37. LeontiadisGI, SharmaVK, HowdenCW. Systematic review and meta‐analysis: enhanced efficacy of proton‐pump inhibitor therapy for peptic ulcer bleeding in Asia – a post hoc analysis from the Cochrane Collaboration. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2005;21:1055. PubMed PMID: 15854166. CrossRef

38. HayJA, MaldonadoL, WeingartenSR, et al.Prospective evaluation of a clinical guideline recommending hospital length of stay in upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. JAMA1997;278:2151. PubMed PMID: 9417008. Epub 1998/01/07. eng. CrossRef

39. AlmelaP, BenagesA, PeiroS, et al.A risk score system for identification of patients with upper‐GI bleeding suitable for outpatient management. Gastrointest Endosc2004;59:772. PubMed PMID: 15173788. Epub 2004/06/03. eng. CrossRef

40. MarmoR, KochM, CipollettaL, et al.Predicting mortality in non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeders: validation of the Italian PNED Score and Prospective Comparison with the Rockall Score. Am J Gastroenterol2010;105:1284. PubMed PMID: 20051943. Epub 2010/01/07. eng. CrossRef

41. ChiuPW, NgEK, CheungFK, et al.Predicting mortality in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers after therapeutic endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;7:311, quiz 253. PubMed PMID: 18955161. Epub 2008/10/29. eng. CrossRef

42. RockallTA, LoganRF, DevlinHB, et al.Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut1996;38:316. PubMed PMID: 8675081. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1383057. Epub 1996/03/01. eng. CrossRef

43. BlatchfordO, MurrayWR, BlatchfordM. A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper‐gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet2000;356:1318. PubMed PMID: 11073021. Epub 2000/11/10. eng. CrossRef

44. StanleyAJ. Update on risk scoring systems for patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. World J Gastroenterol2012;18:2739. PubMed PMID: 22719181. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3374976. Epub 2012/06/22. eng. CrossRef

45. SaeedZA, RamirezFC, HeppsKS, et al.Prospective validation of the Baylor bleeding score for predicting the likelihood of rebleeding after endoscopic hemostasis of peptic ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc1995;41:561. PubMed PMID: 7672549. Epub 1995/06/01. eng. CrossRef

46. StanleyAJ, AshleyD, DaltonHR, et al.Outpatient management of patients with low‐risk upper‐gastrointestinal haemorrhage: multicentre validation and prospective evaluation. Lancet2009;373:42. PubMed PMID: 19091393. Epub 2008/12/19. eng. CrossRef

47. LeeJG, TurnipseedS, RomanoPS, et al.Endoscopy‐based triage significantly reduces hospitalization rates and costs of treating upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc1999;50:755. PubMed PMID: 10570332. CrossRef

48. LongstrethGF, FeitelbergSP. Successful outpatient management of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: use of practice guidelines in a large patient series. Gastrointest Endosc1998;47:219. PubMed PMID: 9540873. CrossRef

49. CipollettaL, BiancoMA, RotondanoG, et al.Outpatient management for low‐risk nonvariceal upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc2002;55:1. PubMed PMID: 11756905. CrossRef

50. BjorkmanDJ, ZamanA, FennertyMB, et al.Urgent vs. elective endoscopy for acute non‐variceal upper‐GI bleeding: an effectiveness study. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:1. PubMed PMID: 15229417. CrossRef

51. BarkunA. Urgent endoscopy: what is the rush? Interview by Paul C. Adams. Can J Gastroenterol2009;23:475. PubMed PMID: 19623326. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2722463. Epub 2009/07/23. eng.

52. AnanthakrishnanAN, McGinleyEL, SaeianK. Outcomes of weekend admissions for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a nationwide analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;7:296. PubMed PMID: 19084483. CrossRef

53. LaineL, PetersonWL. Bleeding peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med1994;331:717. PubMed PMID: 8058080. CrossRef

54. TargownikLE, MurthyS, KeyvaniL, et al.The role of rapid endoscopy for high‐risk patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Can J Gastroenterol2007;21:425. PubMed PMID: 17637943. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2657961. Epub 2007/07/20. eng.

55. SarinN, MongaN, AdamsPC. Time to endoscopy and outcomes in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Can J Gastroenterol2009;23:489. PubMed PMID: 19623332. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2722469.

56. JairathV, KahanBC, LoganRF, et al.Outcomes following acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in relation to time to endoscopy: results from a nationwide study. Endoscopy2012;44:723. PubMed PMID: 22752889. Epub 2012/07/04. eng. CrossRef

57. (SIGN) SIGN. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Management of acute upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. 2008.

58. HwangJHFD, Ben‐MenachemT, ChandrasekharaV, et al.Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The Role Endoscopy in acute non‐variceal upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc2012;75:1132. CrossRef

59. EverhartJE, Byrd‐HoltD, SonnenbergA. Incidence and risk factors for self‐reported peptic ulcer disease in the United States. Am J Epidemiol1998;147:529. PubMed PMID: 9521179. CrossRef

60. EnestvedtBK, GralnekIM, MattekN, et al.An evaluation of endoscopic indications and findings related to nonvariceal upper‐GI hemorrhage in a large multicenter consortium. Gastrointest Endosc2008;67:422. PubMed PMID: 18206878. CrossRef

61. OdzeRD, GoldblumJR. Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary tract, and Pancreas. Second ed. 2009: 291.

62. Garcia‐IglesiasP, VilloriaA, SuarezD, et al.Meta‐analysis: predictors of rebleeding after endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;34:888. PubMed PMID: 21899582. CrossRef

63. ForrestJA, FinlaysonND, ShearmanDJ. Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet1974;2:394. PubMed PMID: 4136718. CrossRef

64. KatschinskiB, LoganR, DaviesJ, et al.Prognostic factors in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis Sci1994;39:706. PubMed PMID: 7908623. CrossRef

65. LaineL, SteinC, SharmaV. A prospective outcome study of patients with clot in an ulcer and the effect of irrigation. Gastrointest Endosc1996;43(2 Pt 1):107. PubMed PMID: 8635701. CrossRef

66. LinHJ, WangK, PerngCL, et al.Natural history of bleeding peptic ulcers with a tightly adherent blood clot: a prospective observation. Gastrointest Endosc1996;43:470. PubMed PMID: 8726760. CrossRef

67. JensenDM, KovacsTO, JutabhaR, et al.Randomized trial of medical or endoscopic therapy to prevent recurrent ulcer hemorrhage in patients with adherent clots. Gastroenterology2002;123:407. PubMed PMID: 12145792. CrossRef

68. KahiCJ, JensenDM, SungJJ, et al.Endoscopic therapy versus medical therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer with adherent clot: a meta‐analysis. Gastroenterology2005;129:855. PubMed PMID: 16143125. CrossRef

69. LinHJ, HsiehYH, TsengGY, et al.A prospective, randomized trial of large‐ versus small‐volume endoscopic injection of epinephrine for peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc2002;55:615. PubMed PMID: 11979239. CrossRef

70. LaineL, McQuaidKR. Endoscopic therapy for bleeding ulcers: an evidence‐based approach based on meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;7:33, quiz 1–2. PubMed PMID: 18986845. CrossRef

71. VergaraM, CalvetX, GisbertJP. Epinephrine injection versus epinephrine injection and a second endoscopic method in high risk bleeding ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2007;(2):CD005584. PubMed PMID: 17443601.

72. LazoMD, AndradeR, MedinaMC, et al.Effect of injection sclerosis with alcohol on the rebleeding rate of gastroduodenal peptic ulcers with nonbleeding visible vessels: a prospective, controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol1992;87:843. PubMed PMID: 1615937.

73. LinHJ, TsaiYT, LeeSD, et al.A prospectively randomized trial of heat probe thermocoagulation versus pure alcohol injection in nonvariceal peptic ulcer hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol1988;83:283. PubMed PMID: 3278595.

74. LaineL. Multipolar electrocoagulation versus injection therapy in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. A prospective, randomized trial. Gastroenterology1990;99:1303. PubMed PMID: 2210238.

75. MakelaJT, KiviniemiH, LaitinenST. Randomized trial of endoscopic injection sclerosis with ethanolamine oleate and ethanol for bleeding peptic ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol1996;31:1059. PubMed PMID: 8938897. CrossRef

76. ChoudariCP, RajgopalC, PalmerKR. Comparison of endoscopic injection therapy versus the heater probe in major peptic ulcer haemorrhage. Gut1992;33:1159. PubMed PMID: 1427365. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1379477. CrossRef

77. KoyamaT, FujimotoK, IwakiriR, et al.Prevention of recurrent bleeding from gastric ulcer with a nonbleeding visible vessel by endoscopic injection of absolute ethanol: a prospective, controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc1995;42:128. PubMed PMID: 7590047. CrossRef

78. RutgeertsP, VantrappenG, BroeckaertL, et al.Comparison of endoscopic polidocanol injection and YAG laser therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers. Lancet1989;1:1164. PubMed PMID: 2566736. CrossRef

79. SollanoJD, AngVN, MorenoJA. Endoscopic hemostasis of bleeding peptic ulcers: 1:10000 adrenalin injection vs. 1:10000 adrenalin +1% aethoxysclerol injection vs. heater probe. Gastroenterol Jpn1991;26(Suppl 3):83. PubMed PMID: 1884968.

80. RutgeertsP, GeversAM, HieleM, et al.Endoscopic injection therapy to prevent rebleeding from peptic ulcers with a protruding vessel: a controlled comparative trial. Gut1993;34:348. PubMed PMID: 8472981. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1374139. CrossRef

81. VillanuevaC, BalanzoJ, EspinosJC, et al.Endoscopic injection therapy of bleeding ulcer: a prospective and randomized comparison of adrenaline alone or with polidocanol. J Clin Gastroenterol1993;17:195. PubMed PMID: 8228078. CrossRef

82. OxnerRB, SimmondsNJ, GertnerDJ, et al.Controlled trial of endoscopic injection treatment for bleeding from peptic ulcers with visible vessels. Lancet1992;339:966. PubMed PMID: 1348805. CrossRef

83. ChungSC, LeungJW, LeongHT, et al.Adding a sclerosant to endoscopic epinephrine injection in actively bleeding ulcers: a randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc1993;39:611. PubMed PMID: 8224679. CrossRef

84. ChoudariCP, PalmerKR. Endoscopic injection therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer; a comparison of adrenaline alone with adrenaline plus ethanolamine oleate. Gut1994;35:608. PubMed PMID: 8200551. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1374741. CrossRef

85. LumanW, HudsonN, ChoudariCP, et al.Distal biliary stricture as a complication of sclerosant injection for bleeding duodenal ulcer. Gut1994;35:1665. PubMed PMID: 7828994. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1375633. CrossRef

86. LoperfidoS, PatelliG, La TorreL. Extensive necrosis of gastric mucosa following injection therapy of bleeding peptic ulcer. Endoscopy1990;22:285. PubMed PMID: 2272298. CrossRef

87. LevyJ, KhakooS, BartonR, et al.Fatal injection sclerotherapy of a bleeding peptic ulcer. Lancet1991;337:504. PubMed PMID: 1671516. CrossRef

88. PetersenB, BarkunA, CarpenterS, et al.Tissue adhesives and fibrin glues. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:327. PubMed PMID: 15332018. CrossRef

89. ParkWG, YehRW, TriadafilopoulosG. Injection therapies for nonvariceal bleeding disorders of the GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc2007;66:343. PubMed PMID: 17643711. CrossRef

90. BinmoellerKF, SoehendraN. New haemostatic techniques: histoacryl injection, banding/endoloop ligation and haemoclipping. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol1999;13:85. PubMed PMID: 11030636.

91. KangEJ, JeongSW, JangJY, et al.Long‐term result of endoscopic Histoacryl (N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate) injection for treatment of gastric varices. World J Gastroenterol2011;17:1494. PubMed PMID: 21472110. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3070025. CrossRef

92. LeeKJ, KimJH, HahmKB, et al.Randomized trial of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate compared with injection of hypertonic saline‐epinephrine in the endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Endoscopy2000;32:505. PubMed PMID: 10917181. CrossRef

93. LinHJ, HsiehYH, TsengGY, et al.Endoscopic injection with fibrin sealant versus epinephrine for arrest of peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized, comparative trial. J Clin Gastroenterol2002;35:218. PubMed PMID: 12192196. CrossRef

94. BergPL, BarinaW, BornP. Endoscopic injection of fibrin glue versus polidocanol in peptic ulcer hemorrhage: a pilot study. Endoscopy1994;26:528. PubMed PMID: 7828565. CrossRef

95. RutgeertsP, RauwsE, WaraP, et al.Randomised trial of single and repeated fibrin glue compared with injection of polidocanol in treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. Lancet1997;350:692. PubMed PMID: 9291903. CrossRef

96. PescatoreP, VerbekeC, HarleM, et al.Fibrin sealing in peptic ulcer bleeding: the fate of the clot. Endoscopy1998;30:519. PubMed PMID: 9746159. CrossRef

97. BenedettiG, SablichR, LacchinT. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A comparative study of polidocanol and thrombin. Surg Endosc1991;5:28. PubMed PMID: 1871671. CrossRef

98. BalanzoJ, VillanuevaC, SainzS, et al.Injection therapy of bleeding peptic ulcer. A prospective, randomized trial using epinephrine and thrombin. Endoscopy1990;22:157. PubMed PMID: 2209496. CrossRef

99. ChurchNI, DallalHJ, MassonJ, et al.A randomized trial comparing heater probe plus thrombin with heater probe plus placebo for bleeding peptic ulcer. Gastroenterology2003;125:396. PubMed PMID: 12891541. CrossRef

100. KubbaAK, MurphyW, PalmerKR. Endoscopic injection for bleeding peptic ulcer: a comparison of adrenaline alone with adrenaline plus human thrombin. Gastroenterology1996;111:623. PubMed PMID: 8780566. CrossRef

101. AlisH, OnerOZ, KalayciMU, et al.Is endoscopic band ligation superior to injection therapy for Dieulafoy lesion?Surg Endosc2009;23:1465. PubMed PMID: 19125307. CrossRef

102. NikolaidisN, ZezosP, GioulemeO, et al.Endoscopic band ligation of Dieulafoy‐like lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy2001;33:754. PubMed PMID: 11558028. CrossRef

103. ValeraJM, PinoRQ, PoniachikJ, et al.Endoscopic band ligation of bleeding dieulafoy lesions: the best therapeutic strategy. Endoscopy2006;38:193. PubMed PMID: 16479429. CrossRef

104. MaissJ, DumserC, ZopfY, et al."Hemodynamic efficacy" of two endoscopic clip devices used in the treatment of bleeding vessels, tested in an experimental setting using the compact Erlangen Active Simulator for Interventional Endoscopy (compactEASIE) training model. Endoscopy2006;38:575. PubMed PMID: 16802269. CrossRef

105. MarmoR, RotondanoG, PiscopoR, et al.Dual therapy versus monotherapy in the endoscopic treatment of high‐risk bleeding ulcers: a meta‐analysis of controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol2007;102:279, quiz 469. PubMed PMID: 17311650. CrossRef

106. ParkCH, SohnYH, LeeWS, et al.The usefulness of endoscopic hemoclipping for bleeding Dieulafoy lesions. Endoscopy2003;35:388. PubMed PMID: 12701008. CrossRef

107. LiuD, LuF, OuD, et al.Endoscopic band ligation versus endoscopic hemoclip placement for bleeding due to Dieulafoy lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban2009;34:905. PubMed PMID: 19779265.

108. ParkCH, JooYE, KimHS, et al.A prospective, randomized trial of endoscopic band ligation versus endoscopic hemoclip placement for bleeding gastric Dieulafoy's lesions. Endoscopy2004;36:677. PubMed PMID: 15280971. CrossRef

109. YamaguchiY, YamatoT, KatsumiN, et al.Endoscopic hemoclipping for upper GI bleeding due to Mallory‐Weiss syndrome. Gastrointest Endosc2001;53:427. PubMed PMID: 11275881. CrossRef

110. ChoYS, ChaeHS, KimHK, et al.Endoscopic band ligation and endoscopic hemoclip placement for patients with Mallory‐Weiss syndrome and active bleeding. World J Gastroenterol2008;14:2080. PubMed PMID: 18395910. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2701530. CrossRef

111. ShimodaR, IwakiriR, SakataH, et al.Endoscopic hemostasis with metallic hemoclips for iatrogenic Mallory‐Weiss tear caused by endoscopic examination. Dig Endoscopy2009;21:20. PubMed PMID: 19691796. CrossRef

112. SolomonM, SchlachtermanA, MorgensternR. Iatrogenic duodenal perforation treated with endoscopic placement of metallic clips: a case report. Case Rep Med2012;2012:609750. PubMed PMID: 22431936. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3297480.

113. KanekoT, AkamatsuT, ShimodairaK, et al.Nonsurgical treatment of duodenal perforation by endoscopic repair using a clipping device. Gastrointest Endosc1999;50:410. PubMed PMID: 10462667. CrossRef

114. ParodiA, RepiciA, PedroniA, et al.Endoscopic management of GI perforations with a new over‐the‐scope clip device (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc2010;72:881. PubMed PMID: 20646699. CrossRef

115. GoodaleRL, OkadaA, GonzalesR, et al.Rapid endoscopic control of bleeding gastric erosions by laser radiation. Arch Surg1970;101:211. PubMed PMID: 5465468. CrossRef

116. KiefhaberP, NaithG, MoritzK. Endoscopical control of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage by irradiation with a high‐power Neodymium‐Yag laser. Prog Surg1977;15:140. PubMed PMID: 337369. CrossRef

117. BuchiKN. Endoscopic gastrointestinal laser therapy. West J Med1985;143:751. PubMed PMID: 3911589. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1306484.

118. KiefhaberP, MoritzK, SchildbergFW, et al.Endoscopic neodymium‐yag laser irradiation for control of bleeding acute and chronic ulcers (author's transl). Langenbecks Arch Chir1978;347:567. PubMed PMID: 569747. Endoskopische Nd‐Yag Lasercoagulation blutender akuter und chronischer Ulcera. CrossRef

119. FleischerD. Lasers and gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol1984;79:406. PubMed PMID: 6372441.

120. SwainCP, KirkhamJS, SalmonPR, et al.Controlled trial of Nd‐YAG laser photocoagulation in bleeding peptic ulcers. Lancet1986;1:1113. PubMed PMID: 2871378. CrossRef

121. KiefhaberP. Indications for endoscopic neodymium‐YAG laser treatment in the gastrointestinal tract. Twelve years' experience. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl1987;139:53. PubMed PMID: 3324300. CrossRef

122. LovatLB, BownSG. Lasers in gastroenterology. World J Gastroenterol2001;7:317. PubMed PMID: 11819783.

123. CanadyJ, WileyK, RavoB. Argon plasma coagulation and the future applications for dual‐mode endoscopic probes. Rev Gastroenterol Disord2006;6:1. PubMed PMID: 16520707.

124. KaramanA, BaskolM, GursoyS, et al.Epinephrine plus argon plasma or heater probe coagulation in ulcer bleeding. World J Gastroenterol2011;17:4109. PubMed PMID: 22039325. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3203362. CrossRef

125. ChauCH, SiuWT, LawBK, et al.Randomized controlled trial comparing epinephrine injection plus heat probe coagulation versus epinephrine injection plus argon plasma coagulation for bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc2003;57:455. PubMed PMID: 12665753. CrossRef

126. HavanondC, HavanondP. Argon plasma coagulation therapy for acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2005;(2):CD003791. PubMed PMID: 15846682.

127. ArasaradnamRP, DonnellyMT. Acute endoscopic intervention in non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Postgrad Med J2005;81:92. PubMed PMID: 15701740. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1743205. Epub 2005/02/11. eng. CrossRef

128. The role of endoscopy in the management of non‐variceal acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Guidelines for clinical application. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Standard of Practice Committee. Gastrointest Endosc1992;38:760. PubMed PMID: 1473702. Epub 1992/11/01. eng. CrossRef

129. SungJY, ChungSC, LoKK, et al.Heater‐probe treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Surg Endosc1988;2:234. PubMed PMID: 3071870. CrossRef

130. FullartonGM, BirnieGG, MacdonaldA, et al.Controlled trial of heater probe treatment in bleeding peptic ulcers. Br J Surg1989;76:541. PubMed PMID: 2667687. CrossRef

131. JohnstonJH, JensenDM, AuthD. Experimental comparison of endoscopic yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser, electrosurgery, and heater probe for canine gut arterial coagulation. Importance of compression and avoidance of erosion. Gastroenterology1987;92(5 Pt 1):1101. PubMed PMID: 3493938.

132. SwainCP, StoreyDW, BownSG, et al.Nature of the bleeding vessel in recurrently bleeding gastric ulcers. Gastroenterology1986;90:595. PubMed PMID: 3943691.

133. MachicadoGA, JensenDM. Thermal probes alone or with epinephrine for the endoscopic haemostasis of ulcer haemorrhage. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol2000;14:443. PubMed PMID: 10952807.

134. JohnstonJH. The sentinel clot and invisible vessel: pathologic anatomy of bleeding peptic ulcer. Gastrointest Endosc1984;30:313. PubMed PMID: 6489718. CrossRef

135. StanleyAJ, SmithLA, MorrisAJ. Use of hemostatic powder (Hemospray) in the management of refractory gastric variceal hemorrhage. Endoscopy2013;45(Suppl 2):E86. PubMed PMID: 23526533. CrossRef

136. SungJJ, LuoD, WuJC, et al.Early clinical experience of the safety and effectiveness of Hemospray in achieving hemostasis in patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding. Endoscopy2011;43:291. PubMed PMID: 21455870. CrossRef

137. HolsterIL, KuipersEJ, TjwaET. Hemospray in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients on antithrombotic therapy. Endoscopy2013;45:63. PubMed PMID: 23208778. CrossRef

138. HolsterIL, PoleyJW, KuipersEJ, et al.Controlling gastric variceal bleeding with endoscopically applied hemostatic powder (Hemospray). J Hepatol2012;57:1397. PubMed PMID: 22864337. CrossRef

139. ChenYI, BarkunAN, SoulellisC, et al.Use of the endoscopically applied hemostatic powder TC‐325 in cancer‐related upper GI hemorrhage: preliminary experience (with video). Gastrointest Endosc2012;75:1278. PubMed PMID: 22482923. CrossRef

140. BarkunAN, MoosaviS, MartelM. Topical hemostatic agents: a systematic review with particular emphasis on endoscopic application in GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc2013;77:692. PubMed PMID: 23582528. CrossRef

141. GidaySA, KimY, KrishnamurtyDM, et al.Long‐term randomized controlled trial of a novel nanopowder hemostatic agent (TC‐325) for control of severe arterial upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a porcine model. Endoscopy2011;43:296. PubMed PMID: 21384319. CrossRef

142. HuB, ChungSC, SunLC, et al.Developing an animal model of massive ulcer bleeding for assessing endoscopic hemostatic devices. Endoscopy2005;37:847. PubMed PMID: 16116536. CrossRef

143. ChiuPW, HuB, LauJY, et al.Endoscopic plication of massively bleeding peptic ulcer by using the Eagle Claw VII device: a feasibility study in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc2006;63:681. PubMed PMID: 16564872. CrossRef

144. SharmaM, MohanP. Endoscopic ultrasonography in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: diagnostic challenge with therapeutic value. Gastroenterology2011;141:e5. PubMed PMID: 22036783. CrossRef

145. FockensP, MeenanJ, van DullemenHM, et al.Dieulafoy's disease: endosonographic detection and endosonography‐guided treatment. Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:437. PubMed PMID: 8905365. CrossRef

146. FolvikG, NesjeLB, BerstadA, et al.Endosonography‐guided endoscopic band ligation of Dieulafoy's malformation: a case report. Endoscopy2001;33:636. PubMed PMID: 11473339. CrossRef

147. ElmunzerBJ, PollackMJ, TrunzoJA, et al.Initial evaluation of a novel, prototype, forward‐viewing echoendoscope in a porcine arterial bleeding model (with video). Gastrointest Endosc2010;72:611. PubMed PMID: 20630519. CrossRef

148. WongRC. New diagnostic imaging technologies in nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am2011;21:707. PubMed PMID: 21944420. CrossRef

149. LundellLR, DentJ, BennettJRet al. Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. Gut1999;45:172. CrossRef

150. Jamanca‐PomaY, Velasco‐GuardadoA, Pinero‐PerezC, et al.Prognostic factors for recurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding due to Dieulafoy's lesion. World J Gastroenterol2012;18:5734. PubMed PMID: 23155314. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3484342. CrossRef

151. AlshumraniG, AlmuaikeelM. Angiographic findings and endovascular embolization in Dieulafoy disease: a case report and literature review. Diagn Interv Radiol2006;12:151. PubMed PMID: 16972222.

152. GilbertDA, SilversteinFE, TedescoFJ. National ASGE survey on upper gastrointestinal bleeding: complications of endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci1981;26(7 Suppl):55S. PubMed PMID: 6985337. CrossRef

153. YinA, LiY, JiangY, et al.Mallory‐Weiss syndrome: clinical and endoscopic characteristics. Eur J Intern Med2012;23:e92. PubMed PMID: 22560400. CrossRef

154. LecleireS, AntoniettiM, DucrotteP. Mallory‐Weiss syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Presse Med2010;39:640. PubMed PMID: 19931377. Syndrome de Mallory‐Weiss: diagnostic et traitement. CrossRef

155. KnauerCM. Mallory‐Weiss syndrome. Characterization of 75 Mallory‐weiss lacerations in 528 patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology1976;71:5. PubMed PMID: 1084311.

156. ParkCH, MinSW, SohnYH, et al.A prospective, randomized trial of endoscopic band ligation vs. epinephrine injection for actively bleeding Mallory‐Weiss syndrome. Gastrointest Endosc2004;60:22. PubMed PMID: 15229420. CrossRef

157. HuangSP, WangHP, LeeYC, et al.Endoscopic hemoclip placement and epinephrine injection for Mallory‐Weiss syndrome with active bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc2002;55:842. PubMed PMID: 12024138. CrossRef

158. DulaiGS, JensenDM, KovacsTO, et al.Endoscopic treatment outcomes in watermelon stomach patients with and without portal hypertension. Endoscopy2004;36:68. PubMed PMID: 14722858. CrossRef

159. FuccioL, MussettoA, LaterzaL, et al.Diagnosis and management of gastric antral vascular ectasia. World J Gastrointest Endoscopy2013;5:6. PubMed PMID: 23330048. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3547119. CrossRef

160. IguchiA, James KazamaJ, KomatsuM, et al.Three cases of gastric antral vascular ectasia in chronic renal failure. Case Rep Nephrol Urol2011;1:15. PubMed PMID: 23197946. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3485665. CrossRef

161. JensenDM, ChavesDM, GrundKE. Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of watermelon stomach. Endoscopy2004;36:640. PubMed PMID: 15243889. CrossRef

162. SelingerCP, AngYS. Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE): an update on clinical presentation, pathophysiology and treatment. Digestion2008;77:131. PubMed PMID: 18391491. CrossRef

163. WellsCD, HarrisonME, GuruduSR, et al.Treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) with endoscopic band ligation. Gastrointest Endosc2008;68:231. PubMed PMID: 18533150. CrossRef

164. FuccioL, ZagariRM, SerraniM, et al.Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia‐related bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis. Digestion2009;79:143. PubMed PMID: 19329853. CrossRef

165. GrossSA, Al‐HaddadM, GillKR, et al.Endoscopic mucosal ablation for the treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia with the HALO90 system: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc2008;67:324. PubMed PMID: 18226696. CrossRef

166. DunneKA, HillJ, DillonJF. Treatment of chronic transfusion‐dependent gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) with thalidomide. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2006;18:455. PubMed PMID: 16538122. CrossRef

167. NardoneG, RoccoA, BalzanoT, et al.The efficacy of octreotide therapy in chronic bleeding due to vascular abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther1999;13:1429. PubMed PMID: 10571598. CrossRef

168. SchefferSM, LeathermanLL. Resolution of Heyde's syndrome of aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding after aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg1986;42:477. PubMed PMID: 3490235. CrossRef

169. KingRM, PluthJR, GiulianiER. The association of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding with calcific aortic stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg1987;44:514. PubMed PMID: 3499881. CrossRef

170. CappellMS, LebwohlO. Cessation of recurrent bleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasias after aortic valve replacement. Ann Intern Med1986;105:54. PubMed PMID: 3487267. CrossRef

171. DurayPH, MarcalJMJr, LiVolsiVA, et al.Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia: a possible component of von Willebrand's disease. Hum Pathol1984;15:539. PubMed PMID: 6609874. CrossRef

172. ChalasaniN, CotsonisG, WilcoxCM. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic renal failure: role of vascular ectasia. Am J Gastroenterol1996;91:2329. PubMed PMID: 8931412.

173. ZuckermanGR, CornetteGL, ClouseRE, et al.Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic renal failure. Ann Intern Med1985;102:588. PubMed PMID: 3872616. CrossRef

174. SavidesTJ, JensenDM, CohenJ, et al.Severe upper gastrointestinal tumor bleeding: endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcome. Endoscopy1996;28:244. PubMed PMID: 8739741. CrossRef

175. LoftusEV, AlexanderGL, AhlquistDA, et al.Endoscopic treatment of major bleeding from advanced gastroduodenal malignant lesions. Mayo Clin Proc1994;69:736. PubMed PMID: 8035627. CrossRef

176. Payne‐JamesJJ, SpillerRC, MisiewiczJJ, et al.Use of ethanol‐induced tumor necrosis to palliate dysphagia in patients with esophagogastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc1990;36:43. PubMed PMID: 1690158. CrossRef

177. RomagnuoloJ. Routine second look endoscopy: ineffective, costly and potentially misleading. Can J Gastroenterol2004;18:401. PubMed PMID: 15190397.

178. El OualiS, BarkunAN, WyseJ, et al.Is routine second‐look endoscopy effective after endoscopic hemostasis in acute peptic ulcer bleeding? A meta‐analysis. Gastrointest Endosc2012;76:283. PubMed PMID: 22695209. CrossRef

179. ChiuPW, LamCY, LeeSW, et al.Effect of scheduled second therapeutic endoscopy on peptic ulcer rebleeding: a prospective randomised trial. Gut2003;52:1403. PubMed PMID: 12970130. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1773815. CrossRef

180. TsoiKK, ChiuPW, SungJJ. Endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: is routine second‐look necessary?Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;6:717. PubMed PMID: 19946305. CrossRef

181. MarmoR, RotondanoG, BiancoMA, et al.Outcome of endoscopic treatment for peptic ulcer bleeding: Is a second look necessary? A meta‐analysis. Gastrointest Endosc2003;57:62. PubMed PMID: 12518133. CrossRef

182. TsoiKK, ChanHC, ChiuPW, et al.Second‐look endoscopy with thermal coagulation or injections for peptic ulcer bleeding: a meta‐analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2010;25:8. PubMed PMID: 20136971. CrossRef

183. ChiuPW, JoengHK, ChoiCL, et al.Predictors of peptic ulcer rebleeding after scheduled second endoscopy: clinical or endoscopic factors?Endoscopy2006;38:726. PubMed PMID: 16810597. CrossRef

184. LeeSH, LeeCK, ChungIK, et al.Optimal duration of proton pump inhibitor in the treatment of endoscopic submucosal dissection‐induced ulcers: a retrospective analysis and prospective validation study. Dig Dis Sci2012;57:429. PubMed PMID: 22001942. CrossRef

185. GreenFWJr, KaplanMM, CurtisLE, et al.Effect of acid and pepsin on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. A possible contributor prolonged gastroduodenal mucosal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology1978;74:38. PubMed PMID: 21830.

186. AbrahamNS, HartmanC, HascheJ. Reduced hospitalization cost for upper gastrointestinal events that occur among elderly veterans who are gastroprotected. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2010;8:350, quiz e45. PubMed PMID: 20096378. CrossRef

187. LinKJ, Hernandez‐DiazS, Garcia RodriguezLA. Acid suppressants reduce risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on antithrombotic or anti‐inflammatory therapy. Gastroenterology2011;141:71. PubMed PMID: 21458456. CrossRef

188. SorensenR, HansenML, AbildstromSZ, et al.Risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with different combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists in Denmark: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data. Lancet2009;374:1967. PubMed PMID: 20006130. CrossRef

189. KomocsiA, VorobcsukA, KehlD, et al.Use of new‐generation oral anticoagulant agents in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy after an acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med2012;172:1537. PubMed PMID: 23007264. CrossRef