Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology

Sixth Edition

Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky,
Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz,
Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang

References

The brain‐gut axis

1. BeaumontW. Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion. Plattsburgh, NY: F.P. Allen; 1833.

2. PavlovIP, ThompsonWH. The Work of the Digestive Glands. London: Charles Griffin & Co; 1910.

3. CannonWB. The influence of emotional states on the functions of the alimentary tract. Am J Med Sci1909;137:480. CrossRef

4. WolfS, WolffHG, CannonWB. Human Gastric Function: An Experimental Study of a Man and His Stomach. New York: Oxford University Press; 1944.

5. HamdyS, AzizQ, RothwellJC, et al.Explaining oropharyngeal dysphagia after unilateral hemispheric stroke. Lancet1997;350:686. CrossRef

6. FealeyRD, SzurszewskiJH, MerrittJL, et al.Effect of traumatic spinal cord transection on human upper gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying. Gastroenterology1984;87:69.

7. GunterbergB, KewenterJ, PetersenI, et al.Anorectal function after major resections of the sacrum with bilateral or unilateral sacrifice of sacral nerves. Br J Surg1976;63:546. CrossRef

8. FishmanAP, MacklemPT, MeadJ, et al.Handbook of Physiology: A Critical, Comprehensive Presentation of Physiological Knowledge and Concepts. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society; 1983.

9. BerthoudHR, BlackshawLA, BrookesSJ, et al.Neuroanatomy of extrinsic afferents supplying the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil2004;16(Suppl 1):28. CrossRef

10. CostaM, BrookesSJ, HennigGW. Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system. Gut2000;47(Suppl 4):iv15; discussion iv26.

11. GoyalRK, HiranoI. The enteric nervous system. N Engl J Med1996;334:1106. CrossRef

12. BlackshawLA, GebhartGF. The pharmacology of gastrointestinal nociceptive pathways. Curr Opin Pharmacol2002;2:642. CrossRef

13. KnowlesCH, AzizQ. Basic and clinical aspects of gastrointestinal pain. Pain2009;141:191. CrossRef

14. SnitsarevV, WhiteisCA, AbboudFM, et al.Mechanosensory transduction of vagal and baroreceptor afferents revealed by study of isolated nodose neurons in culture. Auton Neurosci2002;98:59. CrossRef

15. PetersJH, McKayBM, SimaskoSM, et al.Leptin‐induced satiation mediated by abdominal vagal afferents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2005;288:R879. CrossRef

16. RenK, RandichA, GebhartGF. Effects of electrical stimulation of vagal afferents on spinothalamic tract cells in the rat. Pain1991;44:311. CrossRef

17. RitterS, RitterRC, BarnesCD. Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1992.

18. KammMA, Lennard‐JonesJE. Gastrointestinal Transit: Pathophysiology and Pharmacology. Petersfield, NY: Wrightson Biomedical; 1991.

19. SenguptaJN, GebhartGF. Characterization of mechanosensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the colon of the rat. J Neurophysiol1994;71:2046.

20. YuS, OuyangA. TRPA1 in Bradykinin‐induced Mechano‐hypersensitivity of Vagal C Fibers in Guinea Pig Esophagus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2008.

21. JonesRC3rd, XuL, GebhartGF. The mechanosensitivity of mouse colon afferent fibers and their sensitization by inflammatory mediators require transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and acid‐sensing ion channel 3. J Neurosci2005;25:10981. CrossRef

22. KnowlesCH, AzizQ. Visceral hypersensitivity in non‐erosive reflux disease. Gut2008;57:674. CrossRef

23. HubscherCH, KaddumiEG, JohnsonRD. Brain stem convergence of pelvic viscerosomatic inputs via spinal and vagal afferents. Neuroreport2004;15:1299. CrossRef

24. WillisWD, Al‐ChaerED, QuastMJ, et al.A visceral pain pathway in the dorsal column of the spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1999;96:7675. CrossRef

25. AlmeidaTF, RoizenblattS, TufikS. Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review. Brain Res2004;1000:40. CrossRef

26. AnandP, AzizQ, WillertR, et al.Peripheral and central mechanisms of visceral sensitization in man. Neurogastroenterol Motil2007;19:29. CrossRef

27. MatthewsPJ, AzizQ. Functional abdominal pain. Postgrad Med J2005;81:448. CrossRef

28. SharmaA, LelicD, BrockC, et al.New technologies to investigate the brain‐gut axis. World J Gastroenterol2009;15:182. CrossRef

29. RappsN, van OudenhoveL, EnckP, et al.Brain imaging of visceral functions in healthy volunteers and IBS patients. J Psychosom Res2008;64:599. CrossRef

30. CostafredaSG, BrammerMJ, DavidAS, et al.Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: a meta‐analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies. Brain Res Rev2008;58:57. CrossRef

31. TillischK, MayerEA, LabusJS. Quantitative meta‐analysis identifies brain regions activated during rectal distension in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology2011;140:91. CrossRef

32. MayerEA, AzizQ, CoenS, et al.Brain imaging approaches to the study of functional GI disorders: a Rome working team report. Neurogastroenterol Motil2009;21:579. CrossRef

33. CamilleriM, Di LorenzoC. Brain–gut axis: from basic understanding to treatment of IBS and related disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2012;54:446. CrossRef

34. SharmaA, LelicD, BrockC, et al.New technologies to investigate the brain‐gut axis. World J Gastroenterol2009;15:182. CrossRef

35. AzizQ, ThompsonDG. Brain‐gut axis in health and disease. Gastroenterology1998;114:559. CrossRef

36. HolstegeG, BandlerR, SaperCB. The emotional motor system. Prog Brain Res1996;107:3. CrossRef

37. MayerEA. The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal disease. Gut2000;47:861. CrossRef

38. NieuwenhuysR. The greater limbic system, the emotional motor system and the brain. Prog Brain Res1996;107:551. CrossRef

39. HolstegeG. The emotional motor system. Eur J Morphol1992;30:67.

40. FukudoS, NomuraT, HongoM. Impact of corticotropin‐releasing hormone on gastrointestinal motility and adrenocorticotropic hormone in normal controls and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut1998;42:845. CrossRef

41. HolsboerF. The rationale for corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor (CRH‐R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res1999;33:181. CrossRef

42. TacheY, MillionM, NelsonAG, et al.Role of corticotropin‐releasing factor pathways in stress‐related alterations of colonic motor function and viscerosensibility in female rodents. Gend Med2005;2:146. CrossRef

43. LenzHJ, RaedlerA, GretenH, et al.Stress‐induced gastrointestinal secretory and motor responses in rats are mediated by endogenous corticotropin‐releasing factor. Gastroenterology1988;95:1510.

44. HubbardCS, LabusJS, BuellerJ, et al.Corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor 1 antagonist alters regional activation and effective connectivity in an emotional‐arousal circuit during expectation of abdominal pain. J Neurosci2011;31:12491. CrossRef

45. SagamiY, ShimadaY, TayamaJ, et al.Effect of a corticotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist on colonic sensory and motor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut2004;53:958. CrossRef

46. JänigW. The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System: Neurobiology of Homeostasis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. CrossRef

47. Llewellyn‐SmithIJ, VerberneAJM. Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. CrossRef

48. JanigW, McLachlanEM. Characteristics of function‐specific pathways in the sympathetic nervous system. Trends Neurosci1992;15:475. CrossRef

49. LyteM, VulchanovaL, BrownDR. Stress at the intestinal surface: catecholamines and mucosa‐bacteria interactions. Cell Tissue Res2011;343:23. CrossRef

50. BannisterR, MathiasCJ. Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.

51. StephensRL, TacheY. Intracisternal injection of a TRH analogue stimulates gastric luminal serotonin release in rats. Am J Physiol1989;256:G377.

52. BonazB, PicqC, SinnigerV, et al.Vagus nerve stimulation: from epilepsy to the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway. Neurogastroenterol Motil2013;25:208. CrossRef

53. OlofssonPS, Rosas‐BallinaM, LevineYA, et al.Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity. Immunol Rev2012;248:188. CrossRef

54. ParrishWR, Rosas‐BallinaM, Gallowitsch‐PuertaM, et al.Modulation of TNF release by choline requires alpha7 subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor‐mediated signaling. Mol Med2008;14:567. CrossRef

55. PavlovVA, TraceyKJ. The cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun2005;19:493. CrossRef

56. SchatzbergAF, NemeroffCB. The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Psychiatric Implications. New York: Raven; 1987.

57. HolsboerF, BardenN. Antidepressants and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical regulation. Endocr Rev1996;17:187. CrossRef

58. De KloetER, VreugdenhilE, OitzlMS, et al.Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr Rev1998;19:269.

59. Dominguez‐BelloMG, BlaserMJ, LeyRE, et al.Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and insights from high‐throughput sequencing. Gastroenterology2011;140:1713. CrossRef

60. Montiel‐CastroAJ, Gonzalez‐CervantesRM, Bravo‐RuisecoG, et al.The microbiota‐gut‐brain axis: neurobehavioral correlates, health and sociality. Front Integr Neurosci2013;7:70.

61. BercikP. The microbiota‐gut‐brain axis: learning from intestinal bacteria?Gut2011;60:288. CrossRef

62. EckburgPB, BikEM, BernsteinCN, et al.Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science2005;308:1635. CrossRef

63. RheeSH, PothoulakisC, MayerEA. Principles and clinical implications of the brain‐gut‐enteric microbiota axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;6:306. CrossRef

64. El AidyS, KunzeW, BienenstockJ, et al.The microbiota and the gut‐brain axis: insights from the temporal and spatial mucosal alterations during colonisation of the germfree mouse intestine. Benef Microbes2012;3:251. CrossRef

65. ChenX, D'SouzaR, HongST. The role of gut microbiota in the gut‐brain axis: current challenges and perspectives. Protein Cell2013;4:403. CrossRef

66. FarreR, De VosR, GeboesK, et al.Critical role of stress in increased oesophageal mucosa permeability and dilated intercellular spaces. Gut2007;56:1191. CrossRef

67. CryanJF, DinanTG. Mind‐altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci2012;13:701. CrossRef

68. CryanJF, O'MahonySM. The microbiome‐gut‐brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol Motil2011;23:187. CrossRef

69. SudoN, ChidaY, AibaY, et al.Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol2004;558:263. CrossRef

70. CryanJF, SweeneyFF. The age of anxiety: role of animal models of anxiolytic action in drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol2011;164:1129. CrossRef

71. BercikP, DenouE, CollinsJ, et al.The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain‐derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology2011;141:599, e1. CrossRef

72. BinnsC, LowWY. Obesity: upsetting the public health balance. Asia Pac J Public Health/Asia Pac Acad Consort Public Health2013;25:121. CrossRef

73. RouxH, ChapelonE, GodartN. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa: a review. Encephale2013;39:85. CrossRef

74. GibsonCD, CarnellS, OchnerCN, et al.Neuroimaging, gut peptides and obesity: novel studies of the neurobiology of appetite. J Neuroendocrinol2010;22:833.

75. CheungCK, WuJC. Role of ghrelin in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disease. Gut Liver2013;7:505. CrossRef

76. MalikS, McGloneF, BedrossianD, et al.Ghrelin modulates brain activity in areas that control appetitive behavior. Cell Metab2008;7:400. CrossRef

77. JonesRB, McKieS, AstburyN, et al.Functional neuroimaging demonstrates that ghrelin inhibits the central nervous system response to ingested lipid. Gut2012;61:1543. CrossRef

78. Van OudenhoveL, McKieS, LassmanD, et al.Fatty acid‐induced gut‐brain signaling attenuates neural and behavioral effects of sad emotion in humans. J Clin Invest2011;121:3094. CrossRef

79. LassmanDJ, McKieS, GregoryLJ, et al.Defining the role of cholecystokinin in the lipid‐induced human brain activation matrix. Gastroenterology2010;138:1514. CrossRef

80. TacheY, BernsteinCN. Evidence for the role of the brain‐gut axis in inflammatory bowel disease: depression as cause and effect?Gastroenterology2009;136:2058. CrossRef

81. AndrewsPL. Physiology of nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth1992;69:2S. CrossRef

82. KentS, BlutheRM, KelleyKW, et al.Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci1992;13:24. CrossRef

83. SikandarS, DickensonAH. Visceral pain: the ins and outs, the ups and downs. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care2012;6:17. CrossRef

84. DrossmanDA. Rome III: The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. McLean, VA: Degnon Associates; 2006.

85. HunginAP, WhorwellPJ, TackJ, et al.The prevalence, patterns and impact of irritable bowel syndrome: an international survey of 40,000 subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2003;17:643. CrossRef

86. HeitkemperM, BurrRL, JarrettM, et al.Evidence for autonomic nervous system imbalance in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci1998;43:2093. CrossRef

87. MazurakN, SeredyukN, SauerH, et al.Heart rate variability in the irritable bowel syndrome: a review of the literature. Neurogastroenterol Motil2012;24:206. CrossRef

88. Mikocka‐WalusA, TurnbullD, MouldingN, et al.Psychological comorbidity and complexity of gastrointestinal symptoms in clinically diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2008;23:1137. CrossRef

89. SpillerR, AzizQ, CreedF, et al.Guidelines on the irritable bowel syndrome: mechanisms and practical management. Gut2007;56:1770. CrossRef

90. TylerK, MoriceauS, SullivanRM, et al.Long‐term colonic hypersensitivity in adult rats induced by neonatal unpredictable vs predictable shock. Neurogastroenterol Motil2007;19:761. CrossRef

91. LesermanJ, DrossmanDA. Relationship of abuse history to functional gastrointestinal disorders and symptoms: some possible mediating mechanisms. Trauma Violence Abuse2007;8:331. CrossRef

92. BarreauF, FerrierL, FioramontiJ, et al.New insights in the etiology and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome: contribution of neonatal stress models. Pediatr Res2007;62:240. CrossRef

93. AlanderT, HeimerG, SvardsuddK, et al.Abuse in women and men with and without functional gastrointestinal disorders. Dig Dis Sci2008;53:1856. CrossRef

94. GweeKA, LeongYL, GrahamC, et al.The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut1999;44:400. CrossRef

95. PalssonOS, DrossmanDA. Psychiatric and psychological dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome and the role of psychological treatments. Gastroenterol Clin North Am2005;34:281. CrossRef

96. SaitoYA, ZimmermanJM, HarmsenWS, et al.Irritable bowel syndrome aggregates strongly in families: a family‐based case‐control study. Neurogastroenterol Motil2008;20:790. CrossRef

97. MizunoT, AokiM, ShimadaY, et al.Gender difference in association between polymorphism of serotonin transporter gene regulatory region and anxiety. J Psychosom Res2006;60:91. CrossRef

98. ShulmanRJ, EakinMN, CzyzewskiDI, et al.Increased gastrointestinal permeability and gut inflammation in children with functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. J Pediatr2008;153:646. CrossRef

99. WallonC, YangPC, KeitaAV, et al.Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) regulates macromolecular permeability via mast cells in normal human colonic biopsies in vitro. Gut2008;57:50. CrossRef

100. AlonsoC, GuilarteM, VicarioM, et al.Acute experimental stress evokes a differential gender‐determined increase in human intestinal macromolecular permeability. Neurogastroenterol Motil2012;24:740, e348. CrossRef

101. BarbaraG, CremonC, De GiorgioR, et al.Mechanisms underlying visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep2011;13:308. CrossRef

102. ZhouQ, ZhangB, VerneGN. Intestinal membrane permeability and hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome. Pain2009;146:41. CrossRef

103. DunlopSP, HebdenJ, CampbellE, et al.Abnormal intestinal permeability in subgroups of diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol2006;101:1288. CrossRef

104. DekelR, DrossmanDA, SperberAD. The use of psychotropic drugs in irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs2013;22:329. CrossRef