Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology

Sixth Edition

Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky,
Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz,
Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang

References

Computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract

1. RamanSP, FishmanEK. Advances in CT imaging of GI malignancies. Gastrointest Cancer Res2012;5:S4.

2. McNultyNJ, FrancisIR, PlattJF, et al.Multi–detector row helical CT of the pancreas: effect of contrast‐enhanced multiphasic imaging on enhancement of the pancreas, peripancreatic vasculature, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Radiology2001;220:97. CrossRef

3. FoleyWD, MalliseeTA, HohenwalterMD, et al.Multiphase hepatic CT with a multirow detector CT scanner. AJR Am J Roentgenol2000;175:679. CrossRef

4. RockeyDC, HalvorsenRAJr, HigginsJL, et al.Prospective evaluation of patients with bowel wall thickening. Am J Gastroenterol1995;90:99.

5. DesaiRK, TagliabueJR, WegrynSA, et al.CT evaluation of wall thickening in the alimentary tract. Radiographics1991;11:771, 784. CrossRef

6. HortonKM, FishmanEK. Helical CT of the stomach: evaluation with water as an oral contrast agent. AJR Am J Roentgenol1998;171:1373. CrossRef

7. HortonKM, FishmanEK. The current status of multidetector row CT and three‐dimensional imaging of the small bowel. Radiol Clin North Am2003;41:199. CrossRef

8. MegibowAJ, BabbJS, HechtEM, et al.Evaluation of bowel distention and bowel wall appearance by using neutral oral contrast agent for multi‐detector row CT. Radiology2006;238:87. CrossRef

9. RamanSP, HortonKM, FishmanEK. Computed tomography of Crohn's disease: the role of three dimensional technique. World J Radiol2013;5:193. CrossRef

10. ElsayesKM, Al‐HawaryMM, JagdishJ, et al.CT enterography: principles, trends, and interpretation of findings. Radiographics2010;30:1955. CrossRef

11. Al‐HawaryMM, KazaRK, PlattJF. CT enterography: concepts and advances in Crohn's disease imaging. Radiol Clin North Am2013;51:1. CrossRef

12. Al‐HawaryM, ZimmermannEM. A new look at Crohn's disease: novel imaging techniques. Curr Opin Gastroenterol2012;28:334.

13. PaulsenSR, HuprichJE, HaraAK. CT enterography: noninvasive evaluation of Crohn's disease and obscure gastrointestinal bleed. Radiol Clin North Am2007;45:303. CrossRef

14. PaulsenSR, HuprichJE, FletcherJG, et al.CT enterography as a diagnostic tool in evaluating small bowel disorders: review of clinical experience with over 700 cases. Radiographics2006;26:641, 657. CrossRef

15. HildellJG, NymanUR, NorlindhST, et al.New intravesical contrast medium for CT: preliminary studies with arachis (peanut) oil. AJR Am J Roentgenol1981;137:777. CrossRef

16. BalthazarEJ. CT of the gastrointestinal tract: principles and interpretation. AJR Am J Roentgenol1991;156:23. CrossRef

17. HortonKM, FishmanEK. Multidetector CT angiography in the diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia. Radiol Clin North Am2007;45:275. CrossRef

18. RamanSP, HortonKM, FishmanEK. Multimodality imaging of pancreatic cancer‐computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Cancer J2012;18:511. CrossRef

19. KuszykBS, HeathDG, NeyDR, et al.CT angiography with volume rendering: imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol1995;165:445. CrossRef

20. FishmanEK, NeyDR, HeathDG, et al.Volume rendering versus maximum intensity projection in CT angiography: what works best, when, and why. Radiographics2006;26:905. CrossRef

21. Nino‐MurciaM, StarkP, TriadafilopoulosG. Esophageal wall thickening: a CT finding in diffuse esophageal spasm. J Comput Assist Tomogr1997;21:318. CrossRef

22. NohHM, FishmanEK, ForastiereAA, et al.CT of the esophagus: spectrum of disease with emphasis on esophageal carcinoma. Radiographics1995;15:1113. CrossRef

23. LevineMS, BuckJL, Pantongrag‐BrownL, et al.Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus: radiographic findings in 10 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol1996;167:27. CrossRef

24. PfauPR, PerlmanSB, StankoP, et al.The role and clinical value of EUS in a multimodality esophageal carcinoma staging program with CT and positron emission tomography. Gastrointest Endosc2007;65:377. CrossRef

25. YouJJ, WongRK, DarlingG, et al.Clinical utility of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the staging of patients with potentially resectable esophageal cancer. J Thorac Oncol2013;8:1563. CrossRef

26. TorranceAD, AlmondLM, FryJ, et al.Has integrated 18F FDG PET/CT improved staging, reduced early recurrence or increased survival in oesophageal cancer?Surgeon2013;epub ahead of print.

27. KatariyaK, HarveyJC, PinaE, et al.Complications of transhiatal esophagectomy. J Surg Oncol1994;57:157. CrossRef

28. ManegliaV, SoussanEB, SavoyeG, et al.Multidetector CT in patients with esophageal stent as a palliative treatment for stenosing esophageal cancer: a feasibility study. Scand J Gastroenterol2007;42:1339. CrossRef

29. HenselerKP, PozniakMA, LeeFTJr, et al.Three‐dimensional CT angiography of spontaneous portosystemic shunts. Radiographics2001;21:691. CrossRef

30. ChoKC, PatelYD, WachsbergRH, et al.Varices in portal hypertension: evaluation with CT. Radiographics1995;15:609. CrossRef

31. RabushkaLS, FishmanEK, KuhlmanJE. CT evaluation of achalasia. J Comput Assist Tomogr1991;15:434. CrossRef

32. PickhardtPJ, AsherDB. Wall thickening of the gastric antrum as a normal finding: multidetector CT with cadaveric comparison. AJR Am J Roentgenol2003;181:973. CrossRef

33. InskoEK, LevineMS, BirnbaumBA, et al.Benign and malignant lesions of the stomach: evaluation of CT criteria for differentiation. Radiology2003;228:166. CrossRef

34. HoriS, TsudaK, MurayamaS, et al.CT of gastric carcinoma: preliminary results with a new scanning technique. Radiographics1992;12:257. CrossRef

35. GossiosKJ, TsianosEV, DemouLL, et al.Use of water or air as oral contrast media for computed tomographic study of the gastric wall: comparison of the two techniques. Gastrointest Radiol1991;16:293. CrossRef

36. WinterTC, AgerJD, NghiemHV, et al.Upper gastrointestinal tract and abdomen: water as an orally administered contrast agent for helical CT. Radiology1996;201:365. CrossRef

37. LeeDH. Three‐dimensional imaging of the stomach by spiral CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr1998;22:52. CrossRef

38. BalthazarEJ, SiegelSE, MegibowAJ, et al.CT in patients with scirrhous carcinoma of the GI tract: imaging findings and value for tumor detection and staging. AJR Am J Roentgenol1995;165:839. CrossRef

39. BhandariS, ShimCS, KimJH, et al.Usefulness of three‐dimensional, multidetector row CT (virtual gastroscopy and multiplanar reconstruction) in the evaluation of gastric cancer: a comparison with conventional endoscopy, EUS, and histopathology. Gastrointest Endosc2004;59:619. CrossRef

40. KumanoS, MurakamiT, KimT, et al.T staging of gastric cancer: role of multi‐detector row CT. Radiology2005;237:961. CrossRef

41. MegibowAJ, BalthazarEJ, NaidichDP, et al.Computed tomography of gastrointestinal lymphoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol1983;141:541. CrossRef

42. BuyJN, MossAA. Computed tomography of gastric lymphoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol1982;138:859. CrossRef

43. DoyleTC, DixonAK. Pointers to the diagnosis of gastric lymphoma on computed tomography. Australas Radiol1994;38:176. CrossRef

44. MiettinenM, Sarlomo‐RikalaM, LasotaJ. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recent advances in understanding of their biology. Hum Pathol1999;30:1213. CrossRef

45. HortonKM, JuluruK, MontogomeryE, et al.Computed tomography imaging of gastrointestinal stromal tumors with pathology correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr2004;28:811. CrossRef

46. NishidaT, KumanoS, SugiuraT, et al.Multidetector CT of high‐risk patients with occult gastrointestinal stromal tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol2003;180:185. CrossRef

47. PunE, FirkinA. Computed tomography and complicated peptic ulcer disease. Australas Radiol2004;48:516. CrossRef

48. FishmanEK, UrbanBA, HrubanRH. CT of the stomach: spectrum of disease. Radiographics1996;16:1035. CrossRef

49. HuprichJE, FletcherJG. CT enterography: principles, technique and utility in Crohn's disease. Eur J Radiol2009;69:393. CrossRef

50. MaglinteDD, O'ConnorK, BessetteJ, et al.The role of the physician in the late diagnosis of primary malignant tumors of the small intestine. Am J Gastroenterol1991;86:304.

51. SuX, GeY, LiangB, et al.Small intestinal tumors: diagnostic accuracy of enhanced multi‐detector CT virtual endoscopy. Abdom Imaging2012;37:465. CrossRef

52. AnzideiM, NapoliA, ZiniC, et al.Malignant tumours of the small intestine: a review of histopathology, multidetector CT and MRI aspects. Br J Radiol2011;84:677. CrossRef

53. HortonKM, FishmanEK. Multidetector‐row computed tomography and 3‐dimensional computed tomography imaging of small bowel neoplasms: current concept in diagnosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr2004;28:106. CrossRef

54. BessetteJR, MaglinteDD, KelvinFM, et al.Primary malignant tumors in the small bowel: a comparison of the small‐bowel enema and conventional follow‐through examination. AJR Am J Roentgenol1989;153:741. CrossRef

55. KazerooniEA, QuintLE, FrancisIR. Duodenal neoplasms: predictive value of CT for determining malignancy and tumor resectability. AJR Am J Roentgenol1992;159:303. CrossRef

56. LaurentF, RaynaudM, BisetJM, et al.Diagnosis and categorization of small bowel neoplasms: role of computed tomography. Gastrointest Radiol1991;16:115. CrossRef

57. BuckleyJA, JonesB, FishmanEK. Small bowel cancer. Imaging features and staging. Radiol Clin North Am1997;35:381.

58. BalthazarEJ, NoordhoornM, MegibowAJ, et al.CT of small‐bowel lymphoma in immunocompetent patients and patients with AIDS: comparison of findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol1997;168:675. CrossRef

59. HortonKM, KamelI, HofmannL, et al.Carcinoid tumors of the small bowel: a multitechnique imaging approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol2004;182:559. CrossRef

60. Pantongrag‐BrownL, BuetowPC, CarrNJ, et al.Calcification and fibrosis in mesenteric carcinoid tumor: CT findings and pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol1995;164:387. CrossRef

61. SchiavonG, RuggieroA, BekersDJ, et al.The effect of baseline morphology and its change during treatment on the accuracy of response evaluation criteria in solid tumours in assessment of liver metastases. Eur J Cancer2014;50:972. CrossRef

62. FishmanEK, WolfEJ, JonesB, et al.CT evaluation of Crohn's disease: effect on patient management. AJR Am J Roentgenol1987;148:537. CrossRef

63. WillsJS, LobisIF, DenstmanFJ. Crohn disease: state of the art. Radiology1997;202:597. CrossRef

64. FragerDH, GoldmanM, BeneventanoTC. Computed tomography in Crohn disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr1983;7:819. CrossRef

65. MeyersMA, McGuirePV. Spiral CT demonstration of hypervascularity in Crohn disease: “vascular jejunization of the ileum” or the “comb sign”. Abdom Imaging1995;20:327. CrossRef

66. BodilyKD, FletcherJG, SolemCA, et al.Crohn Disease: mural attenuation and thickness at contrast‐enhanced CT Enterography–correlation with endoscopic and histologic findings of inflammation. Radiology2006;238:505. CrossRef

67. ColombelJF, SolemCA, SandbornWJ, et al.Quantitative measurement and visual assessment of ileal Crohn's disease activity by computed tomography enterography: correlation with endoscopic severity and C reactive protein. Gut2006;55:1561. CrossRef

68. DaneshmandS, HedleyCG, StainSC. The utility and reliability of computed tomography scan in the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction. Am Surg1999;65:922.

69. MegibowAJ. Bowel obstruction. Evaluation with CT. Radiol Clin North Am1994;32:861.

70. ZalcmanM, SyM, DonckierV, et al.Helical CT signs in the diagnosis of intestinal ischemia in small‐bowel obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol2000;175:1601. CrossRef

71. ThalerW, DapuntM. Contribution of computed tomography to decision making in the management of adhesive small bowel obstruction. Br J Surg1999;86:135. CrossRef

72. DonckierV, ClossetJ, Van GansbekeD, et al.Contribution of computed tomography to decision making in the management of adhesive small bowel obstruction. Br J Surg1998;85:1071. CrossRef

73. CaoiliEM, PaulsonEK. CT of small‐bowel obstruction: another perspective using multiplanar reformations. AJR Am J Roentgenol2000;174:993. CrossRef

74. NiederhuberJE. Colon and rectum cancer. Patterns of spread and implications for workup. Cancer1993;71:4187. CrossRef

75. ZerhouniEA, RutterC, HamiltonSR, et al.CT and MR imaging in the staging of colorectal carcinoma: report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group II. Radiology1996;200:443. CrossRef

76. AhmetogluA, CansuA, BakiD, et al.MDCT with multiplanar reconstruction in the preoperative local staging of rectal tumor. Abdom Imaging2011;36:31. CrossRef

77. TaylorA, SlaterA, MapstoneN, et al.Staging rectal cancer: MRI compared to MDCT. Abdom Imaging2007;32:323. CrossRef

78. VliegenR, DresenR, BeetsG, et al.The accuracy of Multi‐detector row CT for the assessment of tumor invasion of the mesorectal fascia in primary rectal cancer. Abdom Imaging2008;33:604. CrossRef

79. WuCC, LeeRC, ChangCY. Prediction of lymphovascular invasion in rectal cancer by preoperative CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol2013;201:985. CrossRef

80. SinhaR, VermaR, RajeshA, et al.Diagnostic value of multidetector row CT in rectal cancer staging: comparison of multiplanar and axial images with histopathology. Clin Radiol2006;61:924. CrossRef

81. DewhurstC, RosenMP, BlakeMA, et al.ACR Appropriateness Criteria pretreatment staging of colorectal cancer. J Am Coll Radiol2012;9:775. CrossRef

82. JuchemsMS, ErnstAS, KornmannM, et al.Value of MDCT in preoperative local staging of rectal cancer for predicting the necessity for neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. Rofo2009;181:1168. CrossRef

83. BalthazarEJ, MegibowAJ, HulnickD, et al.Carcinoma of the colon: detection and preoperative staging by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol1988;150:301. CrossRef

84. NishiokaT, ShimizuT, ShiratoH, et al.Relation between preoperative CT findings in rectal cancer and local recurrence rate. A pilot study. Acta Oncol1993;32:555. CrossRef

85. ViningDJ. Virtual colonoscopy. Semin Ultrasound CT MR1999;20:56. CrossRef

86. PickhardtPJ, ChoiJR, HwangI, et al.Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med2003;349:2191. CrossRef

87. CottonPB, DurkalskiVL, PineauBC, et al.Computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy): a multicenter comparison with standard colonoscopy for detection of colorectal neoplasia. JAMA2004;291:1713. CrossRef

88. McFarlandEG, FletcherJG, PickhardtP, et al.ACR Colon Cancer Committee white paper: status of CT colonography 2009. J Am Coll Radiol2009;6:756. CrossRef

89. JohnsonCD, ChenMH, ToledanoAY, et al.Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med2008;359:1207. CrossRef

90. HulnickDH, MegibowAJ, BalthazarEJ, et al.Computed tomography in the evaluation of diverticulitis. Radiology1984;152:491. CrossRef

91. UrbanBA, FishmanEK. Targeted helical CT of the acute abdomen: appendicitis, diverticulitis, and small bowel obstruction. Semin Ultrasound CT MR2000;21:20. CrossRef

92. McKeeRF, DeignanRW, KrukowskiZH. Radiological investigation in acute diverticulitis. Br J Surg1993;80:560. CrossRef

93. LarsenA, Bjerklund JohansenTE, SolheimBM, et al.Diagnosis and treatment of enterovesical fistula. Eur Urol1996;29:318.

94. HulnickDH, MegibowAJ, BalthazarEJ, et al.Perforated colorectal neoplasms: correlation of clinical, contrast enema, and CT examinations. Radiology1987;164:611. CrossRef

95. PadidarAM, JeffreyRBJr, MindelzunRE, et al.Differentiating sigmoid diverticulitis from carcinoma on CT scans: mesenteric inflammation suggests diverticulitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol1994;163:81. CrossRef

96. SallinenV, MentulaP, LeppaniemiA. Risk of colon cancer after computed tomography‐diagnosed acute diverticulitis: is routine colonoscopy necessary?Surg Endosc2014;28:961. CrossRef

97. ChintapalliKN, EsolaCC, ChopraS, et al.Pericolic mesenteric lymph nodes: an aid in distinguishing diverticulitis from cancer of the colon. AJR Am J Roentgenol1997;169:1253. CrossRef

98. ChintapalliKN, ChopraS, GhiatasAA, et al.Diverticulitis versus colon cancer: differentiation with helical CT findings. Radiology1999;210:429. CrossRef

99. BirnbaumBA, WilsonSR. Appendicitis at the millennium. Radiology2000;215:337. CrossRef

100. BalthazarEJ, RofskyNM, ZuckerR. Appendicitis: the impact of computed tomography imaging on negative appendectomy and perforation rates. Am J Gastroenterol1998;93:768. CrossRef

101. RaoPM, RheaJT, RattnerDW, et al.Introduction of appendiceal CT: impact on negative appendectomy and appendiceal perforation rates. Ann Surg1999;229:344. CrossRef

102. SoyerP, DohanA, EvenoC, et al.Pitfalls and mimickers at 64‐section helical CT that cause negative appendectomy: an analysis from 1057 appendectomies. Clin Imaging2013;37:895. CrossRef

103. BacharI, PerryZH, DukhnoL, et al.Diagnostic value of laparoscopy, abdominal computed tomography, and ultrasonography in acute appendicitis. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A2013;23:982. CrossRef

104. MariadasonJG, WangWN, WallackMK, et al.Negative appendicectomy rate as a quality metric in the management of appendicitis: impact of computed tomography, Alvarado score and the definition of negative appendicectomy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl2012;94:395. CrossRef

105. BalthazarEJ, BirnbaumBA, YeeJ, et al.Acute appendicitis: CT and US correlation in 100 patients. Radiology1994;190:31. CrossRef

106. JohnsonPT, EngJ, MooreCJ, et al.Multidetector‐row CT of the appendix in healthy adults. Emerg Radiol2006;12:248. CrossRef

107. WongCH, TrinhTM, RobbinsAN, et al.Diagnosis of appendicitis: imaging findings in patients with atypical clinical features. AJR Am J Roentgenol1993;161:1199. CrossRef

108. RamanSP, FishmanEK. Imaging: multidetector CT in the diagnosis of suspected appendicitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2011;8:607. CrossRef

109. JacobsJE, BirnbaumBA, MacariM, et al.Acute appendicitis: comparison of helical CT diagnosis focused technique with oral contrast material versus nonfocused technique with oral and intravenous contrast material. Radiology2001;220:683. CrossRef

110. MaloneAJ. Unenhanced CT in the evaluation of the acute abdomen: the community hospital experience. Semin Ultrasound CT MR1999;20:68. CrossRef

111. WeltmanDI, YuJ, KrumenackerJJr, et al.Diagnosis of acute appendicitis: comparison of 5‐ and 10‐mm CT sections in the same patient. Radiology2000;216:172. CrossRef

112. HekimogluK, YildirimUM, KarabulutE, et al.Comparison of combined oral and i.v. contrast‐enhanced versus single i.v. contrast‐enhanced MDCT for the detection of acute appendicitis. JBR‐BTR2011;94:278.

113. LatifiA, LabrutoF, KaiserS, et al.Does enteral contrast increase the accuracy of appendicitis diagnosis?Radiol Technol2011;82:294.

114. AndersonSW, SotoJA, LuceyBC, et al.Abdominal 64‐MDCT for suspected appendicitis: the use of oral and IV contrast material versus IV contrast material only. AJR Am J Roentgenol2009;193:1282. CrossRef

115. AndersonSW, RheaJT, MilchHN, et al.Influence of body habitus and use of oral contrast on reader confidence in patients with suspected acute appendicitis using 64 MDCT. Emerg Radiol2010;17:445. CrossRef

116. HortonKM, CorlFM, FishmanEK. CT evaluation of the colon: inflammatory disease. Radiographics2000;20:399. CrossRef

117. FrancisIR, CohanRH, McNultyNJ, et al.Multidetector CT of the liver and hepatic neoplasms: effect of multiphasic imaging on tumor conspicuity and vascular enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol2003;180:1217. CrossRef

118. IchikawaT, KitamuraT, NakajimaH, et al.Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: can double arterial phase imaging with multidetector CT improve tumor depiction in the cirrhotic liver?AJR Am J Roentgenol2002;179:751. CrossRef

119. LaghiA, IannacconeR, RossiP, et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with triple‐phase multi‐detector row helical CT in patients with chronic hepatitis. Radiology2003;226:543. CrossRef

120. SchimaW, HammerstinglR, CatalanoC, et al.Quadruple‐phase MDCT of the liver in patients with suspected hepatocellular carcinoma: effect of contrast material flow rate. AJR Am J Roentgenol2006;186:1571. CrossRef

121. FrederickMG, McElaneyBL, SingerA, et al.Timing of parenchymal enhancement on dual‐phase dynamic helical CT of the liver: how long does the hepatic arterial phase predominate?AJR Am J Roentgenol1996;166:1305. CrossRef

122. HollettMD, JeffreyRBJr, Nino‐MurciaM, et al.Dual‐phase helical CT of the liver: value of arterial phase scans in the detection of small (< or = 1.5 cm) malignant hepatic neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol1995;164:879. CrossRef

123. OliverJH3rd, BaronRL, FederleMP, et al.Detecting hepatocellular carcinoma: value of unenhanced or arterial phase CT imaging or both used in conjunction with conventional portal venous phase contrast‐enhanced CT imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol1996;167:71. CrossRef

124. OliverJH3rd, BaronRL, FederleMP, et al.Hypervascular liver metastases: do unenhanced and hepatic arterial phase CT images affect tumor detection?Radiology1997;205:709. CrossRef

125. MitsuzakiK, YamashitaY, OgataI, et al.Multiple‐phase helical CT of the liver for detecting small hepatomas in patients with liver cirrhosis: contrast‐injection protocol and optimal timing. AJR Am J Roentgenol1996;167:753. CrossRef

126. TanikakeM, ShimizuT, NarabayashiI, et al.Three‐dimensional CT angiography of the hepatic artery: use of multi‐detector row helical CT and a contrast agent. Radiology2003;227:883. CrossRef

127. PiekarskiJ, GoldbergHI, RoyalSA, et al.Difference between liver and spleen CT numbers in the normal adult: its usefulness in predicting the presence of diffuse liver disease. Radiology1980;137:727. CrossRef

128. KodamaY, NgCS, WuTT, et al.Comparison of CT methods for determining the fat content of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;188:1307. CrossRef

129. MatsuiO, TakahashiS, KadoyaM, et al.Pseudolesion in segment IV of the liver at CT during arterial portography: correlation with aberrant gastric venous drainage. Radiology1994;193:31. CrossRef

130. BasaranC, KarcaaltincabaM, AkataD, et al.Fat‐containing lesions of the liver: cross‐sectional imaging findings with emphasis on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol2005;184:1103. CrossRef

131. PokharelSS, MacuraKJ, KamelIR, et al.Current MR imaging lipid detection techniques for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen and pelvis. Radiographics2013;33:681. CrossRef

132. RofskyNM, FleishakerH. CT and MRI of diffuse liver disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR1995;16:16. CrossRef

133. BrancatelliG, FederleMP, AmbrosiniR, et al.Cirrhosis: CT and MR imaging evaluation. Eur J Radiol2007;61:57. CrossRef

134. DoddGD3rd, BaronRL, OliverJH3rd, et al.Spectrum of imaging findings of the liver in end‐stage cirrhosis: part I, gross morphology and diffuse abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol1999;173:1031. CrossRef

135. VignauxO, LegmannP, CosteJ, et al.Cirrhotic liver enhancement on dual‐phase helical CT: comparison with noncirrhotic livers in 146 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol1999;173:1193. CrossRef

136. GuyaderD, GandonY, DeugnierY, et al.Evaluation of computed tomography in the assessment of liver iron overload. A study of 46 cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology1989;97:737.

137. LiW, ZhaoX, ZhanQ, et al.Unique CT imaging findings of liver in Wilson's disease. Abdom Imaging2011;36:69. CrossRef

138. JonesEC, ChezmarJL, NelsonRC, et al.The frequency and significance of small (less than or equal to 15 mm) hepatic lesions detected by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol1992;158:535. CrossRef

139. SasakiK, ItoK, FujitaT, et al.Small hepatic lesions found on single‐phase helical CT in patients with malignancy: diagnostic capability of breath‐hold, multisection fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery (FLAIR) MR imaging using a half‐fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (HASTE) sequence. J Magn Reson Imaging2007;25:129. CrossRef

140. SchwartzLH, GandrasEJ, ColangeloSM, et al.Prevalence and importance of small hepatic lesions found at CT in patients with cancer. Radiology1999;210:71. CrossRef

141. LeslieDF, JohnsonCD, JohnsonCM, et al.Distinction between cavernous hemangiomas of the liver and hepatic metastases on CT: value of contrast enhancement patterns. AJR Am J Roentgenol1995;164:625. CrossRef

142. JangHJ, KimTK, LimHK, et al.Hepatic hemangioma: atypical appearances on CT, MR imaging, and sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol2003;180:135. CrossRef

143. SongJS, KimYN, MoonWS. A sclerosing hemangioma of the liver. Clin Mol Hepatol2013;19:426. CrossRef

144. MorteleKJ, PraetM, Van VlierbergheH, et al.CT and MR imaging findings in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: radiologic‐pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol2000;175:687. CrossRef

145. KamelIR, LiapiE, FishmanEK. Focal nodular hyperplasia: lesion evaluation using 16‐MDCT and 3D CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol2006;186:1587. CrossRef

146. HussainSM, TerkivatanT, ZondervanPE, et al.Focal nodular hyperplasia: findings at state‐of‐the‐art MR imaging, US, CT, and pathologic analysis. Radiographics2004;24:3, 18. CrossRef

147. HortonKM, BluemkeDA, HrubanRH, et al.CT and MR imaging of benign hepatic and biliary tumors. Radiographics1999;19:431. CrossRef

148. TaouliB, KrinskyGA. Diagnostic imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis before liver transplantation. Liver Transpl2006;12:S1. CrossRef

149. MonzawaS, IchikawaT, NakajimaH, et al.Dynamic CT for detecting small hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of delayed phase imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;188:147. CrossRef

150. BaronRL, OliverJH3rd, DoddGD3rd, et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation with biphasic, contrast‐enhanced, helical CT. Radiology1996;199:505. CrossRef

151. LalondeL, Van BeersB, JamartJ, et al.Capsule and mosaic pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between CT and MR imaging. Gastrointest Radiol1992;17:241. CrossRef

152. StevensWR, GulinoSP, BattsKP, et al.Mosaic pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma: histologic basis for a characteristic CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr1996;20:337. CrossRef

153. MillerWJ, BaronRL, DoddGD3rd, et al.Malignancies in patients with cirrhosis: CT sensitivity and specificity in 200 consecutive transplant patients. Radiology1994;193:645. CrossRef

154. ChoiBI, LeeHJ, HanJK, et al.Detection of hypervascular nodular hepatocellular carcinomas: value of triphasic helical CT compared with iodized‐oil CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol1997;168:219. CrossRef

155. RonzoniA, ArtioliD, ScardinaR, et al.Role of MDCT in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;189:792. CrossRef

156. BresslerEL, AlpernMB. Hypervascular hepatic metastases: reevaluation of unenhanced CT scans. AJR Am J Roentgenol1995;164:512. CrossRef

157. PhilipsRL. Computed tomography and ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of liver abscesses. Australas Radiol1994;38:165. CrossRef

158. MarcusSG, WalshTJ, PizzoPA, et al.Hepatic abscess in cancer patients. Characterization and management. Arch Surg1993;128:1358, 1364. CrossRef

159. FitzgeraldEJ, CoblentzC. Fungal microabscesses in immuno‐suppressed patients–CT appearances. Can Assoc Radiol J1988;39:10.

160. NordestgaardAG, StaplefordL, WorthenN, et al.Contemporary management of amebic liver abscess. Am Surg1992;58:315.

161. UngerEC, LeeJK, WeymanPJ. CT and MR imaging of radiation hepatitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr1987;11:264. CrossRef

162. BrancatelliG, VilgrainV, FederleMP, et al.Budd‐Chiari syndrome: spectrum of imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;188:W168. CrossRef

163. TorabiM, HosseinzadehK, FederleMP. CT of nonneoplastic hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders. Radiographics2008;28:1967. CrossRef

164. GoreRM, MathieuDG, WhiteEM, et al.Passive hepatic congestion: cross‐sectional imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol1994;162:71. CrossRef

165. ParkJS, FederleMP, SassDA. Education and imaging. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic: Budd‐Chiari syndrome presenting as a caudate lobe pseudotumor. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2010;25:219. CrossRef

166. AmesJT, FederleMP, ChopraK. Distinguishing clinical and imaging features of nodular regenerative hyperplasia and large regenerative nodules of the liver. Clin Radiol2009;64:1190. CrossRef

167. KimHJ, KimKW, KimAY, et al.Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms in adult living‐donor liver transplantation: efficacy of CT and Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol2005;184:1549. CrossRef

168. MegibowAJ. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: designing the examination to evaluate the clinical questions. Radiology1992;183:297. CrossRef

169. Al‐HawaryMM, KazaRK, WasnikAP, et al.Staging of pancreatic cancer: role of imaging. Semin Roentgenol2013;48:245. CrossRef

170. BronsteinYL, LoyerEM, KaurH, et al.Detection of small pancreatic tumors with multiphasic helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol2004;182:619. CrossRef

171. FletcherJG, WiersemaMJ, FarrellMA, et al.Pancreatic malignancy: value of arterial, pancreatic, and hepatic phase imaging with multi‐detector row CT. Radiology2003;229:81. CrossRef

172. HortonKM, FishmanEK. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: CT imaging. Radiol Clin North Am2002;40:1263. CrossRef

173. SotoJA, LuceyBC, StuhlfautJW. Pancreas divisum: depiction with multi‐detector row CT. Radiology2005;235:503. CrossRef

174. BretPM, ReinholdC, TaourelP, et al.Pancreas divisum: evaluation with MR cholangiopancreatography. Radiology1996;199:99. CrossRef

175. WangJT, LinJT, ChuangCN, et al.Complete agenesis of the dorsal pancreas–a case report and review of the literature. Pancreas1990;5:493. CrossRef

176. NguyenKT, PaceR, GrollA. CT appearance of annular pancreas: a case report. Can Assoc Radiol J1989;40:322.

177. StephensDH. CT of pancreatic neoplasms. Part I: adenocarcinoma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol1997;26:59.

178. ChoiBI, ChungMJ, HanJK, et al.Detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: relative value of arterial and late phases of spiral CT. Abdom Imaging1997;22:199. CrossRef

179. HouseMG, YeoCJ, CameronJL, et al.Predicting resectability of periampullary cancer with three‐dimensional computed tomography. J Gastrointest Surg2004;8:280. CrossRef

180. KimJH, ParkSH, YuES, et al.Visually isoattenuating pancreatic adenocarcinoma at dynamic‐enhanced CT: frequency, clinical and pathologic characteristics, and diagnosis at imaging examinations. Radiology2010;257:87. CrossRef

181. RamanSP, FishmanEK, LennonAM. Endoscopic ultrasound and pancreatic applications: what the radiologist needs to know. Abdom Imaging2013;38:1360. CrossRef

182. GangiS, FletcherJG, NathanMA, et al.Time interval between abnormalities seen on CT and the clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: retrospective review of CT scans obtained before diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol2004;182:897. CrossRef

183. BarkinJS, GoldsteinJA. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pancreatic cancer. Biomed Pharmacother2000;54:400. CrossRef

184. VaradhacharyGR, TammEP, AbbruzzeseJL, et al.Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: definitions, management, and role of preoperative therapy. Ann Surg Oncol2006;13:1035. CrossRef

185. TammEP, BalachandranA, BhosalePR, et al.Imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: update on staging/resectability. Radiol Clin North Am2012;50:407. CrossRef

186. LuDS, ReberHA, KrasnyRM, et al.Local staging of pancreatic cancer: criteria for unresectability of major vessels as revealed by pancreatic‐phase, thin‐section helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol1997;168:1439. CrossRef

187. ArslanA, BuanesT, GeitungJT. Pancreatic carcinoma: MR, MR angiography and dynamic helical CT in the evaluation of vascular invasion. Eur J Radiol2001;38:151. CrossRef

188. KimJH, EunHW, KimKW, et al.Diagnostic performance of MDCT for predicting important prognostic factors in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas2013;42:1316. CrossRef

189. VallsC, AndiaE, SanchezA, et al.Dual‐phase helical CT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: assessment of resectability before surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol2002;178:821. CrossRef

190. MarinD, CatalanoC, BaskiM, et al.64‐Section multi‐detector row CT in the preoperative diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis: correlation with histopathological findings. Abdom Imaging2010;35:694. CrossRef

191. MegibowAJ, ZhouXH, RotterdamH, et al.Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: CT versus MR imaging in the evaluation of resectability–report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology1995;195:327. CrossRef

192. VelletAD, RomanoW, BachDB, et al.Adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic ducts: comparative evaluation with CT and MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology1992;183:87. CrossRef

193. HortonKM, FishmanEK. Multidetector CT angiography of pancreatic carcinoma: part I, evaluation of arterial involvement. AJR Am J Roentgenol2002;178:827. CrossRef

194. HortonKM, FishmanEK. Multidetector CT angiography of pancreatic carcinoma: part 2, evaluation of venous involvement. AJR Am J Roentgenol2002;178:833. CrossRef

195. RocheCJ, HughesML, GarveyCJ, et al.CT and pathologic assessment of prospective nodal staging in patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. AJR Am J Roentgenol2003;180:475. CrossRef

196. RamanSP, HrubanRH, CameronJL, et al.Pancreatic imaging mimics: part 2, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and their mimics. AJR Am J Roentgenol2012;199:309. CrossRef

197. HortonKM, HrubanRH, YeoC, et al.Multi‐detector row CT of pancreatic islet cell tumors. Radiographics2006;26:453. CrossRef

198. KingAD, KoGT, YeungVT, et al.Dual phase spiral CT in the detection of small insulinomas of the pancreas. Br J Radiol1998;71:20. CrossRef

199. BuetowPC, MillerDL, ParrinoTV, et al.Islet cell tumors of the pancreas: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation in diagnosis and localization. Radiographics1997;17:453, 472A. CrossRef

200. SinghiAD, ChuLC, TatsasAD, et al.Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol2012;36:1666. CrossRef

201. KawamotoS, JohnsonPT, ShiC, et al.Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with cystlike changes: evaluation with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol2013;200:W283. CrossRef

202. KawamotoS, ShiC, HrubanRH, et al.Small serotonin‐producing neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas associated with pancreatic duct obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol2011;197:W482. CrossRef

203. StephensDH. CT of pancreatic neoplasms. Part II: the unusual tumors. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol1997;26:81. CrossRef

204. ScheimanJM. Management of cystic lesions of the pancreas. J Gastrointest Surg2008;12:405. CrossRef

205. LeeSH, ShinCM, ParkJK, et al.Outcomes of cystic lesions in the pancreas after extended follow‐up. Dig Dis Sci2007;52:2653. CrossRef

206. GarceaG, OngSL, RajeshA, et al.Cystic lesions of the pancreas. A diagnostic and management dilemma. Pancreatology2008;8:236. CrossRef

207. ZaheerA, PokharelSS, WolfgangC, et al.Incidentally detected cystic lesions of the pancreas on CT: review of literature and management suggestions. Abdom Imaging2013;38:331. CrossRef

208. ScheimanJM. Management of cystic lesions of the pancreas. J Gastrointest Surg2008;12:405. CrossRef

209. SpenceRA, DasariB, LoveM, et al.Overview of the investigation and management of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Dig Surg2011;28:386. CrossRef

210. BarresiL, TarantinoI, GranataA, et al.Pancreatic cystic lesions: how endoscopic ultrasound morphology and endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration help unlock the diagnostic puzzle. World J Gastrointest Endosc2012;4:247. CrossRef

211. NicholsMT, RussPD, ChenYK. Pancreatic imaging: current and emerging technologies. Pancreas2006;33:211. CrossRef

212. BaeSY, LeeKT, LeeJH, et al.Proper management and follow‐up strategy of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Dig Liver Dis2012;44:257. CrossRef

213. CompagnoJ, OertelJE. Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas with overt and latent malignancy (cystadenocarcinoma and cystadenoma). A clinicopathologic study of 41 cases. Am J Clin Pathol1978;69:573.

214. CompagnoJ, OertelJE. Microcystic adenomas of the pancreas (glycogen‐rich cystadenomas): a clinicopathologic study of 34 cases. Am J Clin Pathol1978;69:289.

215. KatzDS, FriedelDM, KhoD, et al.Relative accuracy of CT and MRI for characterization of cystic pancreatic masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;189:657. CrossRef

216. SongSJ, LeeJM, KimYJ, et al.Differentiation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from other pancreatic cystic masses: comparison of multirow‐detector CT and MR imaging using ROC analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging2007;26:86. CrossRef

217. ProcacciC, BiasiuttiC, CarbogninG, et al.Characterization of cystic tumors of the pancreas: CT accuracy. J Comput Assist Tomogr1999;23:906. CrossRef

218. VisserBC, YehBM, QayyumA, et al.Characterization of cystic pancreatic masses: relative accuracy of CT and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;189:648. CrossRef

219. HammelP, LevyP, VoitotH, et al.Preoperative cyst fluid analysis is useful for the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the pancreas. Gastroenterology1995;108:1230. CrossRef

220. BegerHG, RauB, MayerJ, et al.Natural course of acute pancreatitis. World J Surg1997;21:130. CrossRef

221. BanksPA, FreemanML. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol2006;101:2379. CrossRef

222. BegerHG, RauB, IsenmannR. Natural history of necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatology2003;3:93. CrossRef

223. RansonJH. Diagnostic standards for acute pancreatitis. World J Surg1997;21:136. CrossRef

224. ChalmersAG. The role of imaging in acute pancreatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1997;9:106. CrossRef

225. BalthazarEJ, RansonJH, NaidichDP, et al.Acute pancreatitis: prognostic value of CT. Radiology1985;156:767. CrossRef

226. JohnsonCD, StephensDH, SarrMG. CT of acute pancreatitis: correlation between lack of contrast enhancement and pancreatic necrosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol1991;156:93. CrossRef

227. KivisaariL, SchroderT, SainioV, et al.Standertskjold‐Nordenstam CG. CT evaluation of acute pancreatitis: 8 years clinical experience and experimental evidence. Acta Radiol Suppl1991;377:20.

228. BalthazarEJ, RobinsonDL, MegibowAJ, et al.Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology1990;174:331. CrossRef

229. ZaheerA, SinghVK, QureshiRO, et al.The revised Atlanta classification for acute pancreatitis: updates in imaging terminology and guidelines. Abdom Imaging2013;38:125. CrossRef

230. NawazH, MounzerR, YadavD, et al.Revised Atlanta and determinant‐based classification: application in a prospective cohort of acute pancreatitis patients. Am J Gastroenterol2013;108:1911. CrossRef

231. SarrMG, BanksPA, BollenTL, et al.The new revised classification of acute pancreatitis 2012. Surg Clin North Am2013;93:549. CrossRef

232. BollenTL. Imaging of acute pancreatitis: update of the revised Atlanta classification. Radiol Clin North Am2012;50:429. CrossRef

233. HortonKM, SmithC, FishmanEK. MDCT and 3D CT angiography of splanchnic artery aneurysms. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;189:641. CrossRef

234. BrunA, AgarwalN, PitchumoniCS. Fluid collections in and around the pancreas in acute pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol2011;45:614. CrossRef

235. LuetmerPH, StephensDH, WardEM. Chronic pancreatitis: reassessment with current CT. Radiology1989;171:353. CrossRef

236. SmithCD, BehrnsKE, van HeerdenJA, et al.Radical pancreatoduodenectomy for misdiagnosed pancreatic mass. Br J Surg1994;81:585. CrossRef

237. YamaguchiK, ChijiiwaK, SaikiS, et al.“Mass‐forming” pancreatitis masquerades as pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Pancreatol1996;20:27.

238. LiddellRM, BaronRL, EkstromJE, et al.Normal intrahepatic bile ducts: CT depiction. Radiology1990;176:633. CrossRef

239. SchulteSJ, BaronRL, TeefeySA, et al.CT of the extrahepatic bile ducts: wall thickness and contrast enhancement in normal and abnormal ducts. AJR Am J Roentgenol1990;154:79. CrossRef

240. GroebliY, MeyerJL, TschantzP. Choledochocele demonstrated by computed tomographic cholangiography: report of a case. Surg Today2000;30:272. CrossRef

241. WeyantMJ, MaluccioMA, BertagnolliMM, et al.Choledochal cysts in adults: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol1998;93:2580.

242. BaronRL, RohrmannCAJr, LeeSP, et al.CT evaluation of gallstones in vitro: correlation with chemical analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol1988;151:1123. CrossRef

243. BarakosJA, RallsPW, LapinSA, et al.Cholelithiasis: evaluation with CT. Radiology1987;162:415. CrossRef

244. FongY, JarnaginW, BlumgartLH. Gallbladder cancer: comparison of patients presenting initially for definitive operation with those presenting after prior noncurative intervention. Ann Surg2000;232:557. CrossRef

245. KimSJ, LeeJM, LeeJY, et al.Accuracy of preoperative T‐staging of gallbladder carcinoma using MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol2008;190:74. CrossRef

246. KimSJ, LeeJM, LeeJY, et al.Analysis of enhancement pattern of flat gallbladder wall thickening on MDCT to differentiate gallbladder cancer from cholecystitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol2008;191:765. CrossRef

247. WilkinsonDS. Carcinoma of the gall‐bladder: an experience and review of the literature. Aust N Z J Surg1995;65:724. CrossRef

248. FurukawaH, KosugeT, ShimadaK, et al.Small polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: differential diagnosis and surgical indications by helical computed tomography. Arch Surg1998;133:735.

249. KalraN, SuriS, GuptaR, et al.MDCT in the staging of gallbladder carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol2006;186:758. CrossRef

250. RooholaminiSA, TehraniNS, RazaviMK, et al.Imaging of gallbladder carcinoma. Radiographics1994;14:291. CrossRef

251. TongdeeR, MaroongrogeP, SuthikereeW. The value of MDCT scans in differentiation between benign and malignant gallbladder wall thickening. J Med Assoc Thai2011;94:592.

252. ChingBH, YehBM, WestphalenAC, et al.CT differentiation of adenomyomatosis and gallbladder cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007;189:62. CrossRef

253. DeshmukhSD, JohnsonPT, ShethS, et al.CT of gallbladder cancer and its mimics: a pattern‐based approach. Abdom Imaging2013;38:527. CrossRef

254. WeinerSN, KoenigsbergM, MorehouseH, et al.Sonography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the gallbladder. AJR Am J Roentgenol1984;142:735. CrossRef

255. PaulsonEK. Acute cholecystitis: CT findings. Semin Ultrasound CT MR2000;21:56. CrossRef

256. YamasakiM, FurukawaA, MurataK, et al.Transient hepatic attenuation difference (THAD) in patients without neoplasm: frequency, shape, distribution, and causes. Radiat Med1999;17:91.

257. McMillinK. Computed tomography of emphysematous cholecystitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr1985;9:330. CrossRef

258. SmathersRL, LeeJK, HeikenJP. Differentiation of complicated cholecystitis from gallbladder carcinoma by computed tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol1984;143:255. CrossRef

259. SanoT, KamiyaJ, NaginoM, et al.Macroscopic classification and preoperative diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Japan. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg1999;6:101. CrossRef

260. VallsC, GumaA, PuigI, et al.Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: CT evaluation. Abdom Imaging2000;25:490. CrossRef

261. LacomisJM, BaronRL, OliverJH3rd, et al.Cholangiocarcinoma: delayed CT contrast enhancement patterns. Radiology1997;203:98. CrossRef

262. LoyerEM, ChinH, DuBrowRA, et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: enhancement patterns with quadruple phase helical CT–a comparative study. Radiology1999;212:866. CrossRef

263. TeefeySA, BaronRL, RohrmannCA, et al.Sclerosing cholangitis: CT findings. Radiology1988;169:635. CrossRef

264. van LeeuwenDJ, ReedersJW. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma as a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Ann Oncol1999;10(Suppl 4):89. CrossRef

265. CampbellWL, FerrisJV, HolbertBL, et al.Biliary tract carcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: evaluation with CT, cholangiography, US, and MR imaging. Radiology1998;207:41. CrossRef

266. DolmatchBL, LaingFC, FerderleMP, et al.AIDS‐related cholangitis: radiographic findings in nine patients. Radiology1987;163:313. CrossRef

267. FulcherAS, TurnerMA, CappsGW, et al.Half‐Fourier RARE MR cholangiopancreatography: experience in 300 subjects. Radiology1998;207:21. CrossRef

268. KimHJ, ParkDI, ParkJH, et al.Multidetector computed tomography cholangiography with multiplanar reformation for the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2007;22:400. CrossRef

269. JeffreyRB, FederleMP, LaingFC, et al.Computed tomography of choledocholithiasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol1983;140:1179. CrossRef

270. BaronRL. Common bile duct stones: reassessment of criteria for CT diagnosis. Radiology1987;162:419. CrossRef

271. NeitlichJD, TopazianM, SmithRC, et al.Detection of choledocholithiasis: comparison of unenhanced helical CT and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Radiology1997;203:753. CrossRef

272. ChungWS, ParkMS, YoonSW, et al.Diagnostic accuracy of multidetector‐row computed tomography for common bile duct calculi: is it necessary to add non‐contrast‐enhanced images to contrast‐enhanced images?J Comput Assist Tomogr2007;31:508. CrossRef

273. AndersonSW, RhoE, SotoJ. Detection of biliary duct narrowing and choledocholithiasis: accuracy of portal venous phase multidetector cT. Radiology2008;247:418. CrossRef

274. AndersonSW, ZajickD, LuceyBC, et al.64‐detector row computed tomography: an improved tool for evaluating the biliary and pancreatic ducts?Curr Probl Diagn Radiol2007;36:258. CrossRef

275. TsengCW, ChenCC, ChenTS, et al.Can computed tomography with coronal reconstruction improve the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis?J Gastroenterol Hepatol2008;23:1586. CrossRef

276. SotoJA, AlvarezO, MuneraF, et al.Diagnosing bile duct stones: comparison of unenhanced helical CT, oral contrast‐enhanced CT cholangiography, and MR cholangiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol2000;175:1127. CrossRef

277. LalaniT, CoutoCA, RosenMP, et al.ACR appropriateness criteria jaundice. J Am Coll Radiol2013;10:402. CrossRef

278. ChanWC, JoeBN, CoakleyFV, et al.Gallstone detection at CT in vitro: effect of peak voltage setting. Radiology2006;241:546. CrossRef

279. HealyJC, ReznekRH. The peritoneum, mesenteries and omenta: normal anatomy and pathological processes. Eur Radiol1998;8:886. CrossRef

280. JacobsJE, SalhanyKE, FoxKR, et al.Omental caking in Hodgkin's disease. Computed tomography findings. Clin Imaging1996;20:253. CrossRef

281. VillanuevaA, PerezC, SabateJM, et al.CT manifestations of peritoneal leiomyosarcomatosis. Eur J Radiol1993;17:166. CrossRef

282. WalkeyMM, FriedmanAC, SohotraP, et al.CT manifestations of peritoneal carcinomatosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol1988;150:1035. CrossRef

283. IafrateF, CiolinaM, SammartinoP, et al.Peritoneal carcinomatosis: imaging with 64‐MDCT and 3T MRI with diffusion‐weighted imaging. Abdom Imaging2012;37:616. CrossRef

284. SaidaY, TsunodaHS, ItaiY, et al.Peritoneal implants without ascites: preoperative CT diagnosis in colon carcinoma patients. Radiat Med1994;12:221.

285. PannuHK, HortonKM, FishmanEK. Thin section dual‐phase multidetector‐row computed tomography detection of peritoneal metastases in gynecologic cancers. J Comput Assist Tomogr2003;27:333. CrossRef

286. DixonAK, NightingaleRC. Abnormal fat: a useful marker of intra‐abdominal disease at computed tomography. Clin Radiol1984;35:469. CrossRef

287. HaHK, JungJI, LeeMS, et al.CT differentiation of tuberculous peritonitis and peritoneal carcinomatosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol1996;167:743. CrossRef

288. StapakisJC, ThickmanD. Diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum: abdominal CT vs. upright chest film. J Comput Assist Tomogr1992;16:713. CrossRef

289. HamiltonP, RizoliS, McLellanB, et al.Significance of intra‐abdominal extraluminal air detected by CT scan in blunt abdominal trauma. J Trauma1995;39:331. CrossRef

290. GhekiereO, LesnikA, HoaD, et al.Value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of the cause of nontraumatic gastrointestinal tract perforation. J Comput Assist Tomogr2007;31:169. CrossRef

291. HainauxB, AgneessensE, BertinottiR, et al.Accuracy of MDCT in predicting site of gastrointestinal tract perforation. AJR Am J Roentgenol2006;187:1179. CrossRef

292. MeredithJW, TrunkeyDD. CT scanning in acute abdominal injuries. Surg Clin North Am1988;68:255.

293. ClarkstonW, InciardiM, KirkpatrickS, et al.Acute hemoperitoneum from rupture of a hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol1988;10:221. CrossRef

294. LubnerM, MeniasC, RuckerC, et al.Blood in the belly: CT findings of hemoperitoneum. Radiographics2007;27:109. CrossRef

295. OrwigD, FederleMP. Localized clotted blood as evidence of visceral trauma on CT: the sentinel clot sign. AJR Am J Roentgenol1989;153:747. CrossRef

296. WechslerRJ, KurtzAB, NeedlemanL, et al.Cross‐sectional imaging of abdominal wall hernias. AJR Am J Roentgenol1989;153:517. CrossRef

297. BalthazarEJ, BirnbaumBA, MegibowAJ, et al.Closed‐loop and strangulating intestinal obstruction: CT signs. Radiology1992;185:769. CrossRef

298. MathieuD, LucianiA. Internal abdominal herniations. AJR Am J Roentgenol2004;183:397. CrossRef

299. MartinLC, MerkleEM, ThompsonWM. Review of internal hernias: radiographic and clinical findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol2006;186:703. CrossRef

300. WarshauerDM, MauroMA. CT diagnosis of paraduodenal hernia. Gastrointest Radiol1992;17:13. CrossRef

301. BlacharA, FederleMP, DodsonSF. Internal hernia: clinical and imaging findings in 17 patients with emphasis on CT criteria. Radiology2001;218:68. CrossRef

302. BallT, McCroryR, SmithJO, et al.Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia: errors in diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol1982;138:633. CrossRef

303. NchimiA, SzapiroD, GhayeB, et al.Helical CT of blunt diaphragmatic rupture. AJR Am J Roentgenol2005;184:24. CrossRef

304. DreizinD, BorjaMJ, DantonGH, et al.Penetrating diaphragmatic injury: accuracy of 64‐section multidetector CT with trajectography. Radiology2013;268:729. CrossRef