1. AgostiniE, ChinnockJE, De Burgh DalyM, et al.Functional and histological studies of the vagus nerve and its branches to the heart, lungs and abdominal viscera in the cat. J Physiol (Lond)1957;135:182. CrossRef

2. ZhengHY, BerthoudHR. Functional vagal input to gastric myenteric plexus as assessed by vagal stimulation–induced Fos expression. Am J Physiol2000;279:G73.

3. LiedbergG, NielsenKC, OwmanCH, et al.Adrenergic contribution to the abdominal vagus nerve in the cat. Scand J Gastroenterol1973;8:177.

4. ScharounSL, BaroneFC, WaynerMJ, et al.Vagal and gastric connections to the central nervous system determined by the transport of horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res Bull1984;13:573. CrossRef

5. HermannGE, TravagliRA, RogersRC. Esophageal‐gastric relaxation reflex in rat: dual control of peripheral nitrergic and cholinergic transmission. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2006;290:R1570. CrossRef

6. FahrenkrugJ, HaglundU, JodalM, et al.Nervous release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the gastrointestinal tract: possible physiological implications. J Physiol (Lond)1978;284:291. CrossRef

7. NorbergKD. Adrenergic innervation of the intestinal wall studied by fluorescence microscopy. Int J Neuropharm1964;3:379. CrossRef

8. FurnessJB. The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol. Hepatol2012;9:286. CrossRef

9. GwynRA, LeslieRA, HopkinsDA. Gastric afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the cat. Neurosci Lett1979;14:13. CrossRef

10. BarberWD, BurksTF. Brainstem response to phasic gastric distention. Am J Physiol1983;245:G242.

11. SawchenkoPE. Central connections of the sensory and motor nuclei of the vagus nerve. J Auton Nerv Syst1983;9:13. CrossRef

12. LeekBF. Abdominal and pelvic visceral receptors. Br Med Bull1977;33:163.

13. PaintalAS. A study of gastric stretch receptors: their role in the peripheral mechanism of satiation of hunger and thirst. J Physiol (Lond)1954;126:255. CrossRef

14. El OuazzaniT, MeiN. Electrophysiologic properties and role of the vagal thermoreceptors of lower esophagus and stomach of cat. Gastroenterology1982;83:995.

15. WangFB, PowleyTL. Topographic inventories of vagal afferents in gastrointestinal muscle. J Comp Neurol2000;421:302. CrossRef

16. FurnessJB, CostaM. Projections of intestinal neurons showing immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are consistent with these neurons being the inhibitory neurons. Neurosci Lett1979;15:199. CrossRef

17. ReicheD, MichelK, PfannkucheH, et al.Projections and neurochemistry of interneurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea‐pig corpus. Neurosci Lett2000;295:109. CrossRef

18. NyL, PfeiferA, AszodiA, et al.Impaired relaxation of stomach smooth muscle in mice lacking cyclic GMP‐dependent protein kinase I. Br J Pharmacol2000;129:395. CrossRef

19. MichelK, SannH, SchaafC, et al.Subpopulations of gastric myenteric neurons are differentially activated via distinct serotonin receptors: projection, neurochemical coding, and functional implications. J Neurosci1977;17:8009.

20. KrantisA, MattarK, GlasgowI. Rat gastroduodenal motility in vivo: interaction of GABA and VIP in control of spontaneous relaxations. Am J Physiol1998;275:G897.

21. MichelK, ReicheD, SchemannM. Projections and neurochemical coding of motor neurones to the circular and longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig gastric corpus. Eur J Physiol2000;440:393. CrossRef

22. PfannkucheH, FirzlaffU, SannH, et al.Neurochemical coding and projection patterns of gastrin‐releasing peptide‐immunoreactive myenteric neurone subpopulations in the guinea‐pig gastric fundus. J Chem Neuroanat2000;19:93. CrossRef

23. PorcherC, JuleY, HenryM. A qualitative and quantitative study on the enkephalinergic innervation of the pig gastrointestinal tract. J Histochem Cytochem2000;48:333. CrossRef

24. WardSM, SandersKM. Interstitial cells of Cajal: primary targets of enteric motor innervation. Anat Rec2001;262:125. CrossRef

25. LindJF, DuthieHI, SchlegelJF, et al.Motility of the gastric fundus. Am J Physiol1961;201:197.

26. MillerJ, KauffmanG, ElashoffJ, et al.Search for resistances controlling gastric emptying of liquid meals. Am J Physiol1981;241:G403.

27. BurtonDD, KimHJ, CamilleriM, et al.Relationship of gastric emptying and volume changes after a solid meal in humans. Am J Physiol2005;289:261.

28. AhluwaliaNK, ThompsonDG, BarlowJ. Effect of distension and feeding on phasic changes in human proximal gastric tone. Gut1996;39:757. CrossRef

29. MoragasM, AzpirozF, PaviaJ, et al.Relations among intragastric pressure, postcibal perception, and gastric emptying. Am J Physiol1993;264:G1.

30. JanssonG. Extrinsic nervous control of gastric motility: an experimental study in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl1969;326:1. CrossRef

31. AbrahamssonH. Studies on the inhibitory nervous control of gastric motility. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl1973;390:1.

32. AndrewsPLR, GrundyD, ScratcherdT. Vagal afferent discharge from mechanoreceptors in different regions of the ferret stomach. J Physiol (Lond)1980;298:513. CrossRef

33. ValenzuelaJE. Effect of intestinal hormones and peptides on intragastric pressure in dogs. Gastroenterology1976;71:766.

34. StraathofJW, MearadjiB, LamersCB, et al.Effect of CCK on proximal gastric motor function in humans. Am J Physiol1998;274:G939.

35. ThumshirnM, CamilleriM, ChoiMG, et al.Modulation of gastric sensory and motor functions by nitrergic and alpha2‐adrenergic agents in humans. Gastroenterology1999;116:573. CrossRef

36. LuY, OwyangC. Secretin at physiological doses inhibits gastric motility via a vagal afferent pathway. Am J Physiol1995;268:G1012.

37. CamilleriM. Integrated upper gastrointestinal response to food intake. Gastroenterology2006;131:640. CrossRef

38. De PontiF, AzpirozF, MalageladaJR. Reflex gastric relaxation in response to distention of the duodenum. Am J Physiol1987;252:G595.

39. HolzerHH, RaybouldHE. Vagal and splanchnic sensory pathways mediate inhibition of gastric motility induced by duodenal distension. Am J Physiol1992;262:G603.

40. AzpirozF, MalageladaJR. Vagally mediated gastric relaxation induced by intestinal nutrients in the dog. Am J Physiol1986;251:G727.

41. RaybouldHE, TacheY. Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric motility and emptying via a capsaicin‐sensitive vagal pathway in rats. Am J Physiol1988;255:G242.

42. LuYX, OwyangC. Duodenal acid‐induced gastric relaxation is mediated by multiple pathways. Am J Physiol1999;276:G1501.

43. LeiY, ZhuH, XingJ, et al.Rectal distension modulates canine gastric tone and accommodation. Dig Dis Sci2005;50:2134. CrossRef

44. CoremansG, GeypensB, VosR, et al.Influence of continuous isobaric rectal distension on gastric emptying and small bowel transit in young healthy women. Neurogastroenterol Motil2004;16:107. CrossRef

45. AzpirozF, MalageladaJR. Physiological variations in canine gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat. Am J Physiol1985;248:G229.

46. Van CittersGW, LinHC. Ileal brake: neuropeptidergic control of intestinal transit. Curr Gastroenterol Rep2006;8:367. CrossRef

47. BourasEP, Delgado‐ArosS, CamilleriM, et al.SPECT imaging of the stomach: comparison with barostat and effects of sex, age, body mass index, and fundoplication. Gut2002;51:781. CrossRef

48. CaldarellaMP, AzpirozF, MalageladaJR. Antro‐fundic dysfunctions in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology2003;124:1220. CrossRef

49. KimCH, MalageledaJ‐R. Electrical activity of the stomach: clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc1986;61:205. CrossRef

50. HinderRA, KellyKA. Human gastric pacesetter potential: site of origin, spread, and response to gastric transection and proximal gastric vagotomy. Am J Surg1977;133:29. CrossRef

51. BurnsAJ, HerbertTM, WardSM, et al.Interstitial cells of Cajal in the guinea‐pig gastrointestinal tract as revealed by c‐kit immunohistochemistry. Cell Tissue Res1997;290:11. CrossRef

52. KellyKA, CodeCF. Effect of transthoracic vagotomy on canine gastric electrical activity. Gastroenterology1969;57:51.

53. PublicoverNG, SandersKM. Myogenic regulation of propagation in gastric smooth muscle. Am J Physiol1985;248:G512.

54. LiangJ, CoE, ZhangM, et al.Development of gastric slow waves in preterm infants measured by electrogastrography. Am J Physiol1998;274:G503.

55. DanielEE, WangYF. Control systems of gastrointestinal motility are immature at birth in dogs. Neurogastroenterol Motil1999;11:375. CrossRef

56. MorganKG, SzurszewskiJH. Mechanisms of phasic and tonic actions of pentagastrin on canine gastric smooth muscle. J Physiol (Lond)1980;301:229. CrossRef

57. MorganKG, SchmalzPE, SzurszewskiJH. The inhibitory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the mechanical and electrical activity of the canine antral smooth muscle. J Physiol (Lond)1978;282:437. CrossRef

58. ThumshirnM, BruningaK, CamilleriM. Simplifying the evaluation of postprandial antral motor function in patients with suspected gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol1997;92:1496.

59. CodeCF, MarlettJA. The interdigestive myoelectric complex of stomach and small bowel of dogs. J Physiol (Lond)1975;246:289. CrossRef

60. CollardJM, RomagnoliR. Human stomach has a recordable mechanical activity at a rate of about three cycles/minute. Eur J Surg2000;166:942. CrossRef

61. DooleyCP, Di LorenzoC, ValenzuelaJE. Variability of migrating motor complex in humans. Dig Dis Sci1992;37:723. CrossRef

62. KellowJE, BorodyTJ, PhillipsSF, et al.Human interdigestive motility: variations in patterns from esophagus to colon. Gastroenterology1986;91:386.

63. WilsonP, PerdikisG, HinderRA. Prolonged ambulatory antroduodenal manometry in humans. Am J Gastroenterol1994;89:1489.

64. IttmannPI, AmarnathR, BersethCL. Maturation of antroduodenal motor activity in preterm and term infants. Dig Dis Sci1992;37:14. CrossRef

65. FichA, CamilleriM, PhillipsSF. Effect of age on human gastric and small bowel motility. J Clin Gastroenterol1989;11:416. CrossRef

66. SchindlbeckNE, HeinrichC, Muller‐LissnerSA. Relation between fasting antroduodenal motility and transpyloric fluid movements. Am J Physiol1989;257:G198.

67. CannonWB. The movements of the stomach studied by means of Roentgen rays. Am J Physiol1898;1:359.

68. Schulze‐DelrieuK, HermanRJ, ShiraziSS, et al.Contractions move contents by changing the configuration of the isolated cat stomach. Am J Physiol1998;274:G359.

69. ReesWDW, GoVLW, MalageladaJR. Antroduodenal motor response to solid‐liquid and homogenized meals. Gastroenterology1979;76:1438.

70. MeyerJH, OhashiH, JehnD, et al.Size of liver particles emptied from the human stomach. Gastroenterology1981;80:1489.

71. DeWeverI, EeckhoutC, VantrappenG, et al.Disruptive effect of test meals on interdigestive motor complex in dogs. Am J Physiol1978;235:E661.

72. KatschinskiM, DahmenG, ReinshagenM, et al.Cephalic stimulation of gastrointestinal secretory and motor responses in humans. Gastroenterology1992;103:383.

73. ProveJ, EhrleinHJ. Motor function of gastric antrum and pylorus for evacuation of low and high viscosity meals in dogs. Gut1982;23:150. CrossRef

74. von SchönfeldJ, EvansDF, RenzingK, et al.Human small bowel motor activity in response to liquid meals of different caloric value and different chemical composition. Dig Dis Sci1998;43:265. CrossRef

75. LedeboerM, MascleeAA, CoenraadM, et al.Antroduodenal motility and small bowel transit during continuous intraduodenal or intragastric administration of enteral nutrition. Eur J Clin Invest1999;29:615. CrossRef

76. GielkensHA, van den BiggelaarA, VechtJ, et al.Effect of intravenous amino acids on interdigestive antroduodenal motility and small bowel transit time. Gut1999;44:240. CrossRef

77. DickensEJ, EdwardsFR, HirstGDS. Vagal inhibition in the antral region of guinea pig stomach. Am J Physiol2000;279:G388.

78. OzakiH, BlondfiledDP, HoriM, et al.Spontaneous release of nitric oxide inhibits electrical, Ca2qdehs and mechanical transients in canine gastric smooth muscle. J Physiol (Lond)1992;445:231. CrossRef

79. BortolottiM, MariC, LopilatoC, et al.Sildenafil inhibits gastroduodenal motility. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2001;15:157. CrossRef

80. Rodriguez‐MembrillaA, MartinezV, JimenezM, et al.Is nitric oxide the final mediator regulating the migrating motor complex cycle?Am J Physiol1995;268:G207.

81. MorganKG, SchmalzPF, SzurszewskiJH. Electrical and mechanical effects of the molecular variants of CCK on antral smooth muscle. Am J Physiol1978;235:E324.

82. BojoL, CassutoJ, NellgardP, et al.Adrenergic, cholinergic and VIP‐ergic influence on gastric motility in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand1994;150:67. CrossRef

83. NagakuraY, ItoH, KamatoT, et al.Effect of a selective 5‐HT3 receptor agonist on gastric motility in fasted and fed dogs. Eur J Pharmacol1997;327:189. CrossRef

84. van Lier RibbinkJA, SarrMG, TanakaM. Neural isolation of the entire canine stomach in vivo: effects on motility. Am J Physiol1989;257:G30.

85. SiadatiM, SarrMG. Role of extrinsic innervation in release of motilin and patterns of upper gut canine motility. J Gastrointest Surg1998;2:363. CrossRef

86. CamilleriM, MalageladaJR. Abnormal intestinal motility in diabetics with gastroparesis. Eur J Clin Invest1984;14:420. CrossRef

87. FichA, NeriM, CamilleriM, et al.Stasis syndromes following gastric surgery: clinical and motility features of sixty symptomatic patients. J Clin Gastroenterol1990;12:505. CrossRef

88. HallKE, El‐SharkawyTY, DiamantNE. Vagal control of migrating motor complex in the dog. Am J Physiol1982;243:G276.

89. ChungSA, ValdezDT, DiamantNE. Adrenergic blockade does not restore the canine gastric migrating motor complex during vagal blockade. Gastroenterology1992;103:1491.

90. MarikF, CodeCF. Control of the interdigestive myoelectric activity in dogs by the vagus nerves and pentagastrin. Gastroenterology1975;69:387.

91. ItohZ, TakeuchiS, AizawaI, et al.Changes in plasma motilin concentration and gastrointestinal contractile activity in conscious dogs. Am J Dig Dis1978;23:929. CrossRef

92. HelmstaedterV, PrepeinW, DomschkeW, et al.Immunohistochemical localization of motilin in endocrine non‐enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine of humans and monkey. Gastroenterology1979;76:897.

93. CalbetJA, MacLeanDA. Role of caloric content on gastric emptying in humans. J Physiol (Lond)1997;498:553. CrossRef

94. LeeKY, ChangTM, CheyWY. Effect of rabbit antimotilin serum on myoelectric activity and plasma motilin concentrations in fasting dog. Am J Physiol1983;245:G547.

95. MalfertheinerP, SarrMG, SpencerMP, et al.Effect of duodenectomy on interdigestive pancreatic secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and hormones in dogs. Am J Physiol1989;257:G415.

96. SuzukiH, MochikiE, HagaN, et al.Effect of duodenectomy on gastric motility and gastric hormones in dogs. Ann Surg2001;233:353. CrossRef

97. BoivinM, PineloLR, St.‐PierreS, et al.Neural mediation of the motilin motor effect on the human antrum. Am J Physiol1997;272:G71.

98. HagaN, MizumotoA, SatohM, et al.Role of endogenous 5‐hydroxytryptamine in the regulation of gastric contractions by motilin in dogs. Am J Physiol1996;270:G20.

99. SarnaSK, GonzalezA, RyanRP. Enteric locus of action of prokinetics: ABT‐229, motilin, and erythromycin. Am J Physiol2000;278:G744.

100. RussoA, FraserR, AdachiK, et al.Evidence that nitric oxide mechanisms regulate small intestinal motility in humans. Gut1999;44:72. CrossRef

101. MizumotoA, MuramatsuS, YamadaT, et al.Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on plasma motilin release in fasted dogs. Regul Pept1997;71:9. CrossRef

102. ChungSA, RotsteinO, GreenbergGR, et al.Mechanisms coordinating gastric and small intestinal MMC: role of extrinsic innervation rather than motilin. Am J Physiol1994;267:G800.

103. MillerP, RoyA, St.‐PierreS, et al.Motilin receptors in the human antrum. Am J Physiol2000;278:G18.

104. TelfordGL, CondonRE, SzurszewskiJH. Opioid receptors and the initiation of migrating myoelectric complexes in dogs. Am J Physiol1989;256:G72.

105. VerkijkM, GielkensHA, LamersCB, et al.Effect of gastrin on antroduodenal motility: role of intraluminal acidity. Am J Physiol1998;275:G1209.

106. HarumaK, WisteJA, CamilleriM. Effect of octreotide on gastrointestinal pressure profiles in health, functional and organic gastrointestinal disorders. Gut1994;35:1064. CrossRef

107. MalfertheinerP, SarrMG, DiMagnoEP. Role of the pancreas in the control of interdigestive gastrointestinal motility. Gastroenterology1989;96:200.

108. MochikiE, InuiA, SatohM, et al.Motilin is a biosignal controlling cyclic release of pancreatic polypeptide via the vagus in fasted dogs. Am J Physiol1997;272:G224.

109. NilssonBI, SvenbergT, TollstromT, et al.Relationship between interdigestive gallbladder emptying, plasma motilin and migrating motor complex in man. Acta Physiol Scand1990;139:55. CrossRef

110. MellanderA, MattssonA, SvennerholmAM, et al.Relationship between interdigestive motility and secretion of immunoglobulin A in human proximal small intestine. Dig Dis Sci1997;42:554. CrossRef

111. Dominguez‐MunozJE, BregullaM, NelsonDK, et al.Independent cycles of exocrine pancreatic secretion, hormones and gastroduodenal motility in healthy fasting humans: reassessment of a complex partnership. Neurogastroenterol Motil1998;10:27. CrossRef

112. WoodtliW, OwyangC. Duodenal pH governs interdigestive motility in humans. Am J Physiol1995;268:G146.

113. YamamotoO, MatsunagaY, HagaN, et al.Vagovagal inhibition of motilin‐induced phase III contractions by antral acidification in dog stomach. Am J Physiol1994;267:G129.

114. VuMK, VechtJ, EddesEH, et al.Antroduodenal motility in chronic pancreatitis: are abnormalities related to exocrine insufficiency?Am J Physiol2000;278:G458.

115. KatschinskiM. Nutritional implications of cephalic phase gastrointestinal responses. Appetite2000;34:189. CrossRef

116. PowleyTL. Vagal circuitry mediating cephalic‐phase responses to food. Appetite2000;34:184. CrossRef

117. BullJS, GrundyD, ScratcherdT. Disruption of the jejunal migrating motor complex by gastric distension and feeding in the dog. J Physiol (Lond)1987;394:381. CrossRef

118. SiadatiMR, MurrMM, FoleyMK, et al.In situ neural isolation of the entire canine upper gut: effects on fasting and fed motility patterns. Surgery1997;121:174. CrossRef

119. HallKE, El‐SharkawyT, DiamantNE. Vagal control of postprandial upper gastrointestinal motility. Am J Physiol1986;250:G501.

120. PilotMA, ThomasPA, GillRE, et al.Hormonal control of the gastric motor response to feeding: cross‐perfusion of an isolated stomach using a conscious donor dog. World J Surg1982;6:422. CrossRef

121. StrunzUT, CodeCF, GrossmanMI. Effect of gastrin on electrical activity of antrum and duodenum of dogs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1979;161:25. CrossRef

122. AndrewsPLR, GrundyD, ScratcherdT. Reflex excitation of antral motility induced by gastric distension in the ferret. J Physiol (Lond)1980;298:79. CrossRef

123. StadaasJ, AuneS. Intragastric pressure/volume relationship before and after vagotomy. Acta Chir Scand1970;136:611.

124. AndrewsPLR, ScratcherdT. The gastric motility patterns induced by direct and reflex excitation of the vagus nerves in the anesthetized ferret. J Physiol (Lond)1980;302:363.

125. LeeJ, MurrM, FoleyMK, et al.Role of the vagal branches to the proximal stomach in mediating gastric distention‐induced disruption of canine interdigestive upper gut motility. J Surg Res1995;58:576. CrossRef

126. HolleGE, SteinbachE, ForthW. Intrinsic corporoantropyloric coordination of motility and gastric emptying. Am J Physiol1994;266:G255.

127. KobashiM, MizutaniM, MatsuoR. Water stimulation of the posterior oral cavity induces inhibition of gastric motility. Am J Physiol2000;279:R778.

128. AboM, KonoT, WangZS, et al.Impairment of gastric and jejunal myoelectrical activity during rectal distention in dogs. Dig Dis Sci2000;45:1731. CrossRef

129. ThomasJE. Mechanics and regulation of gastric emptying. Physiol Rev1957;37:453.

130. SchwartzGJ, MoranTH. Duodenal nutrient exposure elicits nutrient‐specific gut motility and vagal afferent signals in rat. Am J Physiol1998;274:R1236.

131. RaybouldHE. Capsaicin‐sensitive vagal afferents and CCK in inhibition of gastric motor function induced by intestinal nutrients. Peptides1991;12:1279. CrossRef

132. QuigleyJP, ZettelmanMJ, IvyAC. Analysis of the factors involved in gastric motor inhibition by fats. Am J Physiol1934;108:643.

133. MeloneJ, MeiN. Intestinal effects of the products of lipid digestion on gastric electrical activity in the cat: possible involvement of vagal intestinal receptors sensitive to lipids. Gastroenterology1991;100:380.

134. DanielEE, BerezinI, AllescherHD, et al.Morphology of the canine pyloric sphincter in relation to function. Can J Physiol Pharmacol1989;67:1560. CrossRef

135. CarobiC, CandioF. Vagal afferent innervation of the pylorus and the upper small intestine studied in the rat with the horseradish peroxidase technique. Experientia1990;46:48. CrossRef

136. LidbergP, EdinR, LundbergJM. The involvement of substance P in the vagal control of the feline pylorus. Acta Physiol Scand1982;114:307. CrossRef

137. AllescherHD, DanielEE, FoxJET, et al.Extrinsic and intrinsic neural control of pyloric sphincter pressure in the dog. J Physiol (Lond)1988;401:17. CrossRef

138. LammersWJ, SlackJR, StephenB, et al.The spatial behaviour of spike patches in the feline gastroduodenal junction in vitro. Neurogastroenterol Motil2000;12:467. CrossRef

139. MearinF, CamilleriM, MalageladaJR. Pyloric dysfunction in diabetics with recurrent nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology1986;90:1919.

140. AnurasS, CookeA, ChristensenJ. An inhibitory innervation at the gastroduodenal junction. J Clin Invest1974;54:529. CrossRef

141. RhodesJ, GoodallP, ApsimonHT. Mechanics of gastroduodenal emptying: a study of gastric and duodenal emptying with miniature balloons and intestinal glass electrodes. Gut1966;7:515. CrossRef

142. HinderRA, KellyKA. Canine gastric emptying of solids and liquids. Am J Physiol1977;233:E335.

143. MeyerJH, ThomsonJB, CohenMB, et al.Sieving of solid food by the canine stomach and sieving after gastric surgery. Gastroenterology1979;76:804.

144. EhrleinHJ, HeisingerE. Computer analysis of mechanical activity of gastroduodenal junction in unanesthetized dogs. Q J Exp Physiol1982;67:17. CrossRef

145. PallottaN, CicalaM, FrandinaC, et al.Antro‐pyloric contractile patterns and transpyloric flow after meal ingestion in humans. Am J Gastroenterol1998;93:2513. CrossRef

146. HauskenT, OdegaardS, MatreK, et al.Antroduodenal motility and movements of luminal contents studied by duplex sonography. Gastroenterology1992;102:1583.

147. HinderR, San‐GardeSA. Individual and combined roles of the pylorus and the antrum in the canine gastric emptying of a liquid and digestible solid. Gastroenterology1983;84:281.

148. MalbertCH, MathisC, LaplaceJP. Vagal control of pyloric resistance. Am J Physiol1995;269:G558.

149. EdinR, LundbergJ, TereniusL, et al.Evidence for vagal enkephalinergic neural control of the feline pylorus and stomach. Gastroenterology1980;78:492.

150. SunWM, DoranS, JonesKL, et al.Effects of nitroglycerin on liquid gastric emptying and antropyloroduodenal motility. Am J Physiol1998;275:G1173.

151. HauskenT, GiljaOH, OdegaardS, et al.Flow across the human pylorus soon after ingestion of food, studied with duplex sonography: effect of glyceryl trinitrate. Scand J Gastroenterol1998;33:484. CrossRef

152. AllescherHD, TougasG, VergaraP, et al.Nitric oxide as a putative nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory transmitter in the canine pylorus in vivo. Am J Physiol1992;262:G695.

153. AnvariM, PatersonCA, DanielEE. Role of nitric oxide mechanisms in control of pyloric motility and transpyloric flow of liquids in conscious dogs. Dig Dis Sci1998;43:506. CrossRef

154. IshiguchiT, TakahashiT, ItohH, et al.Nitrergic and purinergic regulation of the rat pylorus. Am J Physiol2000;279:G740.

155. FisherRS, LipshutzW, CohenS. The hormonal regulation of pyloric sphincter function. J Clin Invest1973;52:1289. CrossRef

156. LopezY, FioramontiJ, BuenoL. Central and peripheral control of postprandial pyloric motility by endogenous opiates and cholecystokinin in dogs. Gastroenterology1991;101:1249.

157. HolleGE, HahnD, ForthW. Innervation of pylorus in control of motility and gastric emptying. Am J Physiol1992;263:G161.

158. FoneDR, HorowitzM, ReadNW, et al.The effect of terminal ileal triglyceride infusion on gastroduodenal motility and the intragastric distribution of a solid meal. Gastroenterology1990;98:568.

159. CucheG, MalbertCH. Ileal short‐chain fatty acids inhibit transpyloric flow in pigs. Scand J Gastroenterol1999;34:149.

160. TreacyPJ, JamiesonGG, DentJ. Pyloric motor function during emptying of a liquid meal from the stomach in the conscious pig. J Physiol (Lond)1990;422:523. CrossRef

161. TougasG, AnvariM, DentJ, et al.Relation of pyloric motility to pyloric opening and closure in healthy subjects. Gut1992;33:466. CrossRef

162. AllescherHD, DanielEE, DentJ, et al.Neural reflex of the canine pylorus to intraduodenal acid infusion. Gastroenterology1989;96:18.

163. ReynoldsJ, OuyangA, CohenS. Opiate nerves mediate feline pyloric response to intraduodenal amino acids. Am J Physiol1985;248:G307.

164. TougasG, BovellKT, CollinsSM, et al.The effect of naloxone on lipid‐induced pyloric motor response in humans. Gastroenterology1990;99:930.

165. KingPM, AdamRD, PrydeA, et al.Relationships of human antroduodenal motility and transpyloric fluid movement: non‐invasive observations with real‐time ultrasound. Gut1984;25:1384. CrossRef

166. KingPM, HeadingRC, PrydeA. Coordinated motor activity of the human gastroduodenal region. Dig Dis Sci1985;30:219. CrossRef

167. BediBS, CodeCF. Pathway of coordination of postprandial, antral, and duodenal action potentials. Am J Physiol1972;222:1295.

168. RaoSS, LuC, Schulze‐DelrieuK. Duodenum as an immediate brake to gastric outflow: a videofluoroscopic and manometric assessment. Gastroenterology1996;110:740. CrossRef

169. AndrewsJM, DoranSM, HebbardGS, et al.Nutrient‐induced spatial patterning of human duodenal motor function. Am J Physiol2001;280:G501.

170. BortolottiM, PandolfoN, NebiacolomboC, et al.Modifications in gastroduodenal motility induced by extramucosal section of circular duodenal musculature in dogs. Gastroenterology1981;81:910.

171. BjornssonE, AbrahamssonH. Interdigestive gastroduodenal manometry in humans: indication of duodenal phase III as a retroperistaltic pump. Acta Physiol Scand1995;153:221. CrossRef

172. CastedalM, BjornssonE, AbrahamssonH. Postprandial peristalsis in the human duodenum. Neurogastroenterol Motil1998;10:227. CrossRef

173. CamilleriM, BrownML, MalageladaJR. Relationship between impaired gastric emptying and abnormal gastrointestinal motility. Gastroenterology1986;91:94.

174. MazetB, MiolanJP, NielJP, et al.New insights into the organization of a gastroduodenal inhibitory reflex by the coeliac plexus. J Auton Nerv Syst1994;46:135. CrossRef

175. QuinsonN, CatalinD, NielJP, et al.Release of nitric oxide within the coeliac plexus is involved in the organization of a gastroduodenal inhibitory reflex in the rabbit. J Physiol (Lond)1999;519:223. CrossRef

176. CaoX, BallAJ, PartosoedarsoER, et al.Functional effects and characteristics of cecum‐projecting neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus of rats. Auton Neurosci2007;131:1. CrossRef

177. DouglasDM, MannFC. Activity of the lower part of the ileum of the dog in relation to ingestion of food. Am J Dig Dis1939;6:434. CrossRef

178. QuigleyEMM, PhillipsSF, DentJ, et al.Myoelectric activity and intraluminal pressure of the canine ileocolonic sphincter. Gastroenterology1983;85:1054.

179. SpillerRC, BrownML, PhillipsSF. Emptying of the terminal ileum in intact humans. Influence of meal residue and ileal motility. Gastroenterology1987;92:724.

180. HuntJN, SpurrellWR. The pattern of emptying of the human stomach. J Physiol (Lond)1951;113:157. CrossRef

181. CarlosMA, BabynPS, MarconMA, et al.Changes in gastric emptying in early postnatal life. J Pediatr1997;130:931. CrossRef

182. RiezzoG, IndrioF, MontagnaO, et al.Gastric electrical activity and gastric emptying in term and preterm newborns. Neurogastroenterol Motil2000;12:223. CrossRef

183. Caballero‐PlasenciaAM, Valenzuela‐BarrancoM, Martin‐RuizJL, et al.Are there changes in gastric emptying during the menstrual cycle?Scand J Gastroenterol1999;34:772. CrossRef

184. NakaeY, OnouchiH, KagayaM, et al.Effects of aging and gastric lipolysis on gastric emptying of lipid in liquid meal. J Gastroenterol1999;34:445. CrossRef

185. BorgstromB, DahlquistG, LundhG, et al.Studies of intestinal digestion and absorption in the human. J Clin Invest1957;36:1521. CrossRef

186. ElashoffJD, ReedyTJ, MeyerJH. Analysis of gastric emptying data. Gastroenterology1982;83:1306.

187. McHughPR, MoranTH. Calories and gastric emptying: a regulatory capacity with implications for feeding. Am J Physiol1979;236:R254.

188. HuntJN, StubbsDF. The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying. J Physiol (Lond)1975;245:209. CrossRef

189. BrenerW, HendrixTR, McHughPR. Regulation of the gastric emptying of glucose. Gastroenterology1983;85:76.

190. VistGE, MaughanRJ. The effect of osmolality and carbohydrate content on the rate of gastric emptying of liquids in man. J Physiol (Lond)1995;486:523. CrossRef

191. ForsterER, GreenT, DockrayGJ. Efferent pathways in the reflex control of gastric emptying in rats. Am J Physiol1991;260:G499.

192. Burn‐MurdockRA, FisherMA, HuntJN. The slowing of gastric emptying by proteins in test meals. J Physiol (Lond)1978;274:477. CrossRef

193. CortotA, PhillipsSF, MalageladaJR. Parallel gastric emptying of non‐hydrolyzable fat and water after a solid‐liquid meal in humans. Gastroenterology1982;82:877.

194. MenguyR. Role of biliary and pancreatic secretion in the inhibition of gastric motility by fat in the intestine. Am J Dig Dis1960;5:792. CrossRef

195. HuntJN, KnoxMT. A relation between the chain length of fatty acids and the slowing of gastric emptying. J Physiol (Lond)1968;194:327. CrossRef

196. GlatzleJ, WangY, AdelsonDW, et al.Chylomicron components activate duodenal vagal afferents via a cholecystokinin A receptor‐mediated pathway to inhibit gastric motor function in the rat. J Physiol2003;550:657. CrossRef

197. GlatzleJ, KalogerisTJ, ZittelTT, et al.Chylomicron components mediate intestinal lipid‐induced inhibition of gastric motor function. Am J Physiol2002;282:G86.

198. LalS, McLaughlinJ, BarlowJ, et al.Cholecystokinin pathways modulate sensations induced by gastric distension in humans. Am J Physiol2004;287:G72.

199. FeinleC, D'AmatoM, ReadNW. Cholecystokinin‐A receptors modulate gastric sensory and motor responses to gastric distension and duodenal lipid. Gastroenterology1996;110:1379. CrossRef

200. HeddleR, DentJ, ReadNW, et al.Antropyloroduodenal motor responses to intraduodenal lipid infusion in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol1988;254:G671.

201. WhitedKL, LuD, TsoP, et al.Apolipoprotein A‐IV is involved in detection of lipid in the rat intestine. J Physiol2005;569:949. CrossRef

202. ShiG, LerayV, ScarpignatoC, et al.Specific adaptation of gastric emptying to diets with differing protein content in the rat: is endogenous cholecystokinin implicated?Gut1997;41:612. CrossRef

203. CastiglioneKE, ReadNW, FrenchSJ. Adaptation to high‐fat diet accelerates emptying of fat but not carbohydrate test meals in humans. Am J Physiol2002;282:R366. CrossRef

204. CovasaM, RitterRC. Adaptation to high‐fat diet reduces inhibition of gastric emptying by CCK and intestinal oleate. Am J Physiol2000;278:R166.

205. CookeAR. Duodenal acidification: role of the first part of the duodenum in gastric emptying and secretion in dogs. Gastroenterology1974;67:85.

206. HuntJN, KnoxMT, OginskiA. The effect of gravity on gastric emptying with various test meals. J Physiol (Lond)1965;178:92. CrossRef

207. SpiegelTA, FriedH, HubertCD, et al.Effects of posture on gastric emptying and satiety rating after a nutritive liquid and solid meal. Am J Physiol2000;279:R684.

208. EhrleinHJ, ProveJ. Effect of viscosity of test meals on gastric emptying in dogs. Q J Exp Physiol1982;67:419. CrossRef

209. AnvariM, HorowitzM, FraserR, et al.Effects of posture on gastric emptying of nonnutrient liquids and antropyloroduodenal motility. Am J Physiol1995;268:G868.

210. Bursztein‐De MyttenaereS, GilKM, HeymsfieldSB, et al.Gastric emptying in humans: influence of different regimens of parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr1994;60:244.

211. MalageladaJR, ReesWDW, MazzottaLJ, et al.Gastric motor abnormalities in diabetic and postvagotomy gastroparesis: effect of metoclopramide and bethanechol. Gastroenterology1980;78:286.

212. MaddernGJ, JamiesonGG. Fundoplication enhances gastric emptying. Ann Surg1985;201:296. CrossRef

213. HuntJN. Some properties of an alimentary osmoreceptor mechanism. J Physiol (Lond)1956;132:267. CrossRef

214. SchwizerW, FraserR, BorovickaJ, et al.Measurement of proximal and distal gastric motility with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol1996;271:G217.

215. HoughtonLA, ReadNW, HeddleR, et al.Motor activity of the gastric antrum, pylorus and duodenum under fasted conditions and after a liquid meal. Gastroenterology1988;94:1276.

216. CamilleriM, MalageladaJR, BrownML, et al.Relation between antral motility and gastric emptying of solids and liquids in humans. Am J Physiol1985;249:G580.

217. AnvariM, DentJ, MalbertC, et al.Mechanics of pulsatile transpyloric flow in the pig. J Physiol (Lond)1995;488:193. CrossRef

218. MalbertCH, MathisC. Antropyloric modulation of transpyloric flow of liquids in pigs. Gastroenterology1994;107:37.

219. WilliamsNS, MillerJ, ElashoffJ, et al.Canine resistances to gastric emptying of liquids after ulcer surgery. Dig Dis Sci1986;31:273. CrossRef

220. ClarkeRJ, Alexander‐WilliamsJ. The effect of preserving antral innervation and of a pyloroplasty on gastric emptying after vagotomy in man. Gut1973;14:300. CrossRef

221. TreacyPJ, JamiesonGG, DentJ, et al.Duodenal intramural nerves in control of pyloric motility and gastric emptying. Am J Physiol1992;263:G1.

222. WeinerK, GrahamLS, ReedyT, et al.Simultaneous gastric emptying of two solid foods. Gastroenterology1981;81:257.

223. SiegelJA, UrbainJL, AdlerLP, et al.Biphasic nature of gastric emptying. Gut1989;29:85. CrossRef

224. MeyerJH, MacGregorIL, GuellerR, et al.99mTc‐tagged chicken liver as a marker of solid food in the human stomach. Am J Dig Dis1976;21:296. CrossRef

225. KnightLC, ParkmanHP, BrownKL, et al.Delayed gastric emptying and decreased antral contractility in normal premenopausal women compared with men. Am J Gastroenterol1997;92:968.

226. BenninkR, PeetersM, Van den MaegdenberghV, et al.Comparison of total and compartmental gastric emptying and antral motility between healthy men and women. Eur J Nucl Med1998;25:1293. CrossRef

227. DegenLP, PhillipsSF. Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men. Gut1996;39:299. CrossRef

228. ChenTS, DoongML, ChangFY, et al.Effects of sex steroid hormones on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats. Am J Physiol1995;268:G171.

229. BrognaA, FerraraR, BucceriAM, et al.Gastric emptying rates of solid food in relation to body mass index: an ultrasonographic and scintigraphic study. Eur J Radiol1998;27:258. CrossRef

230. CamilleriM, IturrinoJ, BharuchaAE, et al.Performance characteristics of scintigraphic measurement of gastric emptying of solids in healthy participants. Neurogastroenterol Motil2012;24:1076. CrossRef

231. UrbainJL, SiegelJA, CharkesND, et al.The two‐component stomach: effects of meal particle size on fundal and antral emptying. Eur J Nucl Med1989;15:254. CrossRef

232. MeyerJH, ThomsonJB, CohenMB, et al.Sieving of food by the canine stomach and sieving after gastric surgery. Gastroenterology1979;76:804.

233. DoranS, JonesKL, AndrewsJM, et al.Effects of meal volume and posture on gastric emptying of solids and appetite. Am J Physiol1998;275:R1712.

234. AnnegersJA, IvyAC. The effect of dietary fat upon gastric evacuation in normal subjects. Am J Physiol1947;150:461.

235. KroopHS, LongWB, AlaviA, et al.Effect of water and fat on gastric emptying of solid meals. Gastroenterology1979;77:997.

236. MooreJG, ChristianPE, BrownJA, et al.Influence of meal weight and caloric content on gastric emptying of meals in man. Dig Dis Sci1983;29:513. CrossRef

237. MooreJG, ChristianPE, ColemanRE. Gastric emptying of varying meal weight and composition in man: evaluation by dual liquid‐ and solid‐phase isotopic method. Dig Dis Sci1981;26:16. CrossRef

238. HorowitzM, MaddoxA, BochnerM, et al.Relationships between gastric emptying of solid and caloric liquid meals and alcohol absorption. Am J Physiol1989;257:G291.

239. TanakaT, MizumotoA, MuramatsuS, et al.Postprandial normal saline intake delays gastric emptying of solids in conscious dogs: partial involvement of CCK in its mechanism. Dig Dis Sci1999;44:1516. CrossRef

240. MayerEA, ThomsonJB, JehnD, et al.Gastric emptying of solid food and pancreatic and biliary secretions after solid meals in patients with nonresective ulcer surgery. Gastroenterology1984;87:1264.

241. DotyJE, MeyerJH. Vagotomy and antrectomy impairs intracellular but not extracellular fat absorption in the dog. Gastroenterology1988;94:50.

242. MeyerJH, MayerEA, JehnD, et al.Gastric processing and emptying of fat. Gastroenterology1986;90:1176.

243. MeyerJH, ElashoffJD, LakeR. Gastric emptying of indigestible versus digestible oils and solid fats in normal humans. Dig Dis Sci1999;44:1076. CrossRef

244. BoulbyP, MooreR, GowlandP, et al.Fat delays emptying but increases forward and backward antral flow as assessed by flow‐sensitive magnetic resonance imaging. Neurogastroenterol Motil1999;11:27. CrossRef

245. CortotA, PhillipsSF, MalageladaJR. Gastric emptying of lipids after ingestion of a solid‐liquid meal in humans. Gastroenterology1981;80:922.

246. CarneyBI, JonesKL, HorowitzM, et al.Gastric emptying of oil and aqueous meal components in pancreatic insufficiency: effects of posture and on appetite. Am J Physiol1995;268:G925.

247. MeyerJH, ElashoffJD, DomeckM, et al.Control of canine gastric emptying of fat by lipolytic products. Am J Physiol1994;266:G1017.

248. SchwizerW, AsalK, KreissC, et al.Role of lipase in the regulation of upper gastrointestinal function in humans. Am J Physiol1997;273:G612.

249. MeyerJH, DressmanJ, FinkAS, et al.Effect of size and density on gastric emptying of indigestible solids. Gastroenterology1985;89:805.

250. MeyerJH, ElashoffJ, Porter‐FinkV, et al.Human postprandial gastric emptying of 1–3 millimeter spheres. Gastroenterology1988;94:1315.

251. StotzerPO, AbrahamssonH. Human postprandial gastric emptying of indigestible solids can occur unrelated to antral phase III. Neurogastroenterol Motil2000;12:415. CrossRef

252. RhieJK, HayashiY, WelageLS, et al.Drug marker absorption in relation to pellet size, gastric motility and viscous meals in humans. Pharm Res1998;15:233. CrossRef

253. WilburBG, KellyKA, CodeCF. Effect of gastric fundectomy on canine gastric electrical and motor activity. Am J Physiol1974;226:1445.

254. SiroisPJ, AmidonGL, MeyerJH, et al.Size and density discrimination of nondigestible solids during gastric emptying in the canine: a hydrodynamic correlation. Am J Physiol1990;258:G65.

255. MeyerJH, DotyJE. GI transit and absorption of solid food: multiple effects of guar. Am J Clin Nutr1988;48:267.

256. MeyerB, BeglingerC, NeumayerM, et al.Physical characteristics of indigestible solids affect emptying from the fasting stomach. Gut1989;30:1526. CrossRef

257. CollinsPJ, HorowitzM, ChattertonBE. Proximal, distal and total stomach emptying of a digestible solid meal in normal subjects. Br J Radiol1988;61:12. CrossRef

258. BarkerMCJ, CobdenI, AxonATR. Proximal stomach and antrum in stomach emptying. Gut1979;20:309. CrossRef

259. HoughtonLA, MangnallYF, ReadNW. Effect of incorporating fat into a liquid test meal on the relation between intragastric distribution and gastric emptying in human volunteers. Gut1990;31:1226. CrossRef

260. CollinsPJ, HoughtonLA, ReadNW, et al.Role of the proximal and distal stomach in mixed solid and liquid meal emptying. Gut1991;32:615. CrossRef

261. PouderouxP, FriedmanN, ShiraziP, et al.Effect of carbonated water on gastric emptying and intragastric meal distribution. Dig Dis Sci1997;42:34. CrossRef

262. CollinsPJ, HorowitzM, MaddoxA, et al.Effects of increasing solid component size of a mixed solid/liquid meal on solid and liquid gastric emptying. Am J Physiol1996;271:G549.

263. HuntJN, KnoxMT. The regulation of emptying of meals containing citric acid and salts of citric acid. J Physiol (Lond)1962;163:34. CrossRef

264. LandersBR, DevittPG, JamiesonGG. Effect of duodenal amino acid infusion on gastric emptying in pigs. Am J Physiol1990;259:G676.

265. LinHC, ElashoffJD, GuYG, et al.Nutrient feedback inhibition of gastric emptying plays a larger role than osmolarity dependent duodenal resistance. Am J Physiol1993;265:G672.

266. RaybouldHE, MeyerJH, TabriziY, et al.Inhibition of gastric emptying in response to intestinal lipid is dependent on chylomicron formation. Am J Physiol1998;274:R1834.

267. DreznikZ, BrocksmithD, MeiningerTA, et al.Inhibitory effect of ileal oleate on postprandial motility of the upper gut. Am J Physiol1991;261:G458.

268. ReadNW, McFarlaneA, KinsmanRI, et al.Effect of infusion of nutrient solutions into the ileum on gastrointestinal transit and plasma levels of neurotensin and enteroglucagon in man. Gastroenterology1984;86:274.

269. BrownNJ, ReadNW, RichardsonA, et al.Characteristics of lipid substances activating the ileal brake in the rat. Gut1990;31:1126. CrossRef

270. CookeAR, ClarkE. Effect of the first part of the duodenum on gastric emptying in dogs: response to acid, fat, glucose, and neural blockade. Gastroenterology1976;70:550.

271. LinHC, DotyJE, ReedyTJ, et al.Inhibition of gastric emptying by sodium oleate depends on length of intestine exposed to nutrient. Am J Physiol1990;259:G1031.

272. LinHC, DotyJE, ReedyTJ, et al.Inhibition of gastric emptying by acids depends on pH, titratable acidity, and length of intestine exposed to acid. Am J Physiol1990;259:G1025.

273. ZittelTT, RothenhoferI, MeyerJH, et al.Small intestinal capsaicin‐sensitive afferents mediate feedback inhibition of gastric emptying in rats. Am J Physiol1994;267:G1142.

274. HolzerHH, TurkelsonCM, SolomonTE, et al.Intestinal lipid inhibits gastric emptying via CCK and a vagal capsaicin‐sensitive afferent pathway in rats. Am J Physiol1994;267:G625.

275. BozkurtA, OktarBK, KurtelH, et al.Capsaicin‐sensitive vagal fibres and 5‐HT3‐, gastrin releasing peptide‐ and cholecystokinin A‐receptors are involved in distention‐induced inhibition of gastric emptying in the rat. Regul Pept1999;83:81. CrossRef

276. CecilJE, FrancisJ, ReadNW. Comparison of the effects of a high‐fat and high‐carbohydrate soup delivered orally and intragastrically on gastric emptying, appetite, and eating behaviour. Physiol Behav1999;67:299. CrossRef

277. GondimFD, RodriguesCL, da GracaJR, et al.Neural mechanisms involved in the delay of gastric emptying and gastroduodenal transit of liquid after thoracic spinal cord transection in awake rats. Auton Neurosci2001;87:52. CrossRef

278. BlatS, GuerinS, ChauvinA, et al.Role of vagal innervation on intragastric distribution and emptying of liquid and semisolid meals in conscious pigs. Neurogastroenterol Motil2001;13:73. CrossRef

279. GulsrudPO, TaylorIL, WattsHD, et al.How gastric emptying of carbohydrate affects glucose tolerance and symptoms after truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty. Gastroenterology1980;78:1463.

280. MacGregorIL, MartinP, MeyerJH. Gastric emptying of solid food in normal man and after subtotal gastrectomy and truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty. Gastroenterology1977;72:206.

281. AnvariM, YuP, DentJ, et al.Role of antral intramural pathways in control of gastric emptying in the pig. J Physiol (Lond)1995;488:203. CrossRef

282. OrihataM, SarnaSK. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase delays gastric emptying of solid meals. J Pharmacol Exp Ther1994;271:660.

283. GueM, FioramontiJ, HondeC, et al.Opposite effects of kappa‐opioid agonists on gastric emptying of liquids and solids in dogs. Gastroenterology1988;95:927.

284. PetringOU. The effect of phentolamine on basal and pethidine‐induced inhibition of gastric emptying in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol1989;28:409. CrossRef

285. StacherG, BergmannH, SchneiderC, et al.Effects of the 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205‐930 on fat‐delayed gastric emptying and antral motor activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol1990;30:41. CrossRef

286. CoulieB, TackJ, MaesB, et al.Sumatriptan, a selective 5‐HT1 receptor agonist, induces a lag phase for gastric emptying of liquids in humans. Am J Physiol1997;272:G902.

287. UekiS, MatsunagaY, YonetaT, et al.Gastroprokinetic activity of nizatidine during the digestive state in the dog and rat. Arzneimittelforschung1999;49:618.

288. JinHO, LeeKY, ChangTM, et al.Secretin: a physiological regulator of gastric emptying and acid output in dogs. Am J Physiol1994;267:G702.

289. DegenLP, PengFP, ColletA, et al.Blockade of GRP receptors inhibits gastric emptying and gallbladder contraction but accelerates small intestinal transit. Gastroenterology2001;120:361. CrossRef

290. ForsterER, DockrayGJ. Immunoneutralization suggests that calcitonin gene related peptide regulates gastric emptying in the rat. Neurosci Lett1991;131:5. CrossRef

291. ValenzuelaJE, DefilippiC. Inhibition of gastric emptying in humans by secretin, the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, and intraduodenal fat. Gastroenterology1981;81:898.

292. BarthoL, HolzerP, DonnererJ, et al.Evidence for the involvement of substance P in the atropine‐resistant peristalsis of the guinea pig ileum. Neurosci Lett1982;32:69. CrossRef

293. SpillerRC, TrotmanIF, AdrianTE, et al.Further characterization of the “ileal brake” reflex in man: effect of ileal infusion of partial digests of fat, protein and starch on jejunal motility and release of neurotensin, enteroglucagon, and peptide YY. Gut1988;29:1042. CrossRef

294. NaslundE, BogeforsJ, GrybackP, et al.GLP‐1 inhibits gastric emptying of water but does not influence plasma vasopressin, sodium, or osmolality. Scand J Gastroenterol2001;36:156. CrossRef

295. ShinoharaH, WilliamCS, McWilliamDL, et al.Transforming growth factor‐alpha delays gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in suckling rats. Scand J Gastroenterol2001;36:356. CrossRef

296. RaybouldHE, RobertsME, DockrayGJ. Reflex decreases in intragastric pressure in response to cholecystokinin in rats. Am J Physiol1987;253:G165.

297. MoranTH, McHughPR. Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying. Am J Physiol1982;242:R491.

298. HighamA, VaillantC, YegenB, et al.Relation between cholecystokinin and antral innervation in the control of gastric emptying in the rat. Gut1997;41:24. CrossRef

299. BorovickaJ, KreissC, AsalK, et al.Role of cholecystokinin as a regulator of solid and liquid gastric emptying in humans. Am J Physiol1996;271:G448.

300. MeyerBM, WerthBA, BeglingerC, et al.Role of cholecystokinin in regulation of gastrointestinal motor functions. Lancet1989;2:12. CrossRef

301. FriedM, ErlacherU, SchwizerW, et al.Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of gastric emptying and pancreatic enzyme secretion in humans: studies with the cholecystokinin‐receptor antagonist loxiglumide. Gastroenterology1991;101:503.

302. CorazziariE, RicciR, BiliottiD, et al.Oral administration of loxiglumide (CCK antagonist) inhibits postprandial gallbladder contraction without affecting gastric emptying. Dig Dis Sci1990;35:50. CrossRef

303. SchwizerW, BorovickaJ, KunzP, et al.Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of liquid gastric emptying and gastric motility in humans: studies with the CCK antagonist loxiglumide. Gut1997;41:500. CrossRef

304. MoranTH, FieldDG, KnippS, et al.Endogenous CCK in the control of gastric emptying of glucose and maltose. Peptides1997;18:547. CrossRef

305. KreissC, SchwizerW, BorovickaJ, et al.Effect of linitript, a new CCK‐A receptor antagonist, on gastric emptying of a solid‐liquid meal in humans. Regul Pept1998;74:143. CrossRef

306. ShillabeerG, DavisonJS. Proglumide, a cholecystokinin antagonist, increases gastric emptying in rats. Am J Physiol1987;252:R353.

307. GreenT, DimalineR, PeikinS, et al.The action of the cholecystokinin antagonist L364,718 on gastric emptying of liquid meals in the conscious rat. Am J Physiol1988;255:G685.

308. LiddleRA, GertzBJ, KanayamaS, et al.Effects of a novel cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonist, MK‐329, on gallbladder contraction and gastric emptying in humans. Implications for the physiology of CCK. J Clin Invest1989;84:1220. CrossRef

309. RaybouldHE, HolzerH. Dual capsaicin‐sensitive afferent pathways mediate inhibition of gastric emptying in rat induced by intestinal carbohydrate. Neurosci Lett1992;141:236. CrossRef

310. WhiteWO, SchwartzGJ, MoranTH. Role of endogenous CCK in the inhibition of gastric emptying by peptone and Intralipid in rats. Regul Pept2000;88:47. CrossRef

311. SchwartzGJ, MoranTH, WhiteWO, et al.Relationships between gastric motility and gastric vagal afferent responses to CCK and GRP in rats differ. Am J Physiol1997;272:R1726.

312. WeiJY, WangYH. Effect of CCK pretreatment on the CCK sensitivity of rat polymodal gastric vagal afferent in vitro. Am J Physiol2000;279:E695.

313. SchwartzGJ, TougasG, MoranTH. Integration of vagal afferent responses to duodenal loads and exogenous CCK in rats. Peptides1995;16:707. CrossRef

314. TakahashiT, OwyangC. Mechanism of cholecystokinin‐induced relaxation of the rat stomach. J Auton Nerv Sys1999;75:123. CrossRef

315. VargaG, KordasK, BurghardtB, et al.Effect of deramciclane, a new 5‐HT receptor antagonist, on cholecystokinin‐induced changes in rat gastrointestinal function. Eur J Pharmacol1999;367:315. CrossRef

316. HoltmannG, SingerMV, KriebelR, et al.Differential effects of acute mental stress on interdigestive secretion of gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes, and gastroduodenal motility. Dig Dis Sci1989;34:1701. CrossRef

317. GueM, PeetersT, DepoortereI, et al.Stress‐induced changes in gastric emptying, postprandial motility, and plasma gut hormone levels in dogs. Gastroenterology1990;97:1101.

318. FoneDR, HorowitzM, MaddoxA, et al.Gastroduodenal motility during the delayed gastric emptying induced by cold stress. Gastroenterology1990;98:1155.

319. NakaeY, KagayaM, TakagiR, et al.Cold pain prolongs gastric emptying of liquid but not solid meal: an electrical impedance tomography (EIT) study. J Gastroenterol2000;35:593. CrossRef

320. ThompsonDG, RichelsonE, MalageladaJR. Perturbation of gastric emptying and duodenal motility through the central nervous system. Gastroenterology1982;83:1200.

321. StanghelliniV, MalageladaJR, ZinsmeisterAR, et al.Effect of opiate and adrenergic blockers on the gut motor response to centrally acting stimuli. Gastroenterology1984;87:1104.

322. LenzHJ. Neurohumoral pathways mediating stress‐induced changes in rat gastrointestinal transit. Gastroenterology1989;97:216.

323. TacheY, GarrickT, RaybouldH. Central nervous system action of peptides to influence gastrointestinal motor function. Gastroenterology1990;98:517.

324. MonnikesH, SchmidtBG, RaybouldHE, et al.CRF in the paraventricular nucleus mediates gastric and colonic motor response to restraint stress. Am J Physiol1992;262:G137.

325. DiopL, PascaudX, JunienJL, et al.CRF triggers the CNS release of TRH in stress‐induced changes in gastric emptying. Am J Physiol1991;260:G39.

326. BuenoL, GueM. Evidence for the involvement of corticotropin‐releasing factor in the gastrointestinal disturbances induced by acoustic and cold stress in mice. Brain Res1988;441:1. CrossRef

327. KiharaN, FujimuraM, YamamotoI, et al.Effect of central and peripheral urocortin on fed and fasted gastroduodenal motor activity in conscious rats. Am J Physiol2001;280:G406.

328. MartinezV, BarquistE, RivierJ, et al.Central CRF inhibits gastric emptying of a nutrient solid meal in rats: the role of CRF2 receptors. Am J Physiol1998;274:G965.

329. SutoG, KiralyA, TacheY. Interleukin‐1β inhibits gastric emptying in rats: mediation through prostaglandin and corticotropin‐releasing factor. Gastroenterology1994;106:1568.

330. SmedhU, KaplanJM, Uvnas‐MobergK. Corticotropin‐releasing factor‐induced suppression of gastric emptying in the rat is blocked by cyclo (7‐aminoheptanoyl‐phe‐D‐TRP‐LYS‐THR[BZL]), an in vivo somatostatin antagonist. Neurosci Lett1999;260:41. CrossRef

331. OhtaD, LeeCW, SarnaSK, et al.Central inhibition of nitric oxide synthase modulates upper gastrointestinal motor activity. Am J Physiol1997;272:G417.

332. LingenfelserT, BlackshawLA, SunWM, et al.Pyloric motor response to central and peripheral nitric oxide in the ferret. Neurogastroenterol Motil1997;9:167. CrossRef

333. KrowickiZK, SivaraoDV, AbrahamsTP, et al.Excitation of dorsal motor vagal neurons evokes non‐nicotinic receptor‐mediated gastric relaxation. J Auton Nerv Sys1999;77:83. CrossRef

334. KrowickiZK, SharkeyKA, SerronSC, et al.Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in rat dorsal vagal complex and effects of microinjection of nitric oxide compounds upon gastric motor function. J Comp Neurol1997;377:49. CrossRef

335. GarrickT, BuackS, VeisehA, et al.Thyrotropin‐releasing factor (TRF) acts centrally to stimulate gastric contractility in rats. Life Sci1987;40:649. CrossRef

336. MorrowNS, NovinD, GarrickT. Microinjection of thyrotropin‐releasing hormone in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulates gastric contractility. Brain Res1994;644:243. CrossRef

337. SivarioDV, KrowickiZK, AbrahamsTP, et al.Intracisternal antisense oligonucleotides to TRH receptor abolish TRH‐evoked gastric motor excitation. Am J Physiol1977;272:G1372.

338. GarrickT, PrinceM, YangH, et al.Raphe pallidus stimulation increases gastric contractility via TRH projections to the dorsal vagal complex in rats. Brain Res1994;636:343. CrossRef

339. MartinezV, WangLX, TacheY. Central TRH receptor 1 antisense blocks cold‐induced gastric emptying but not brain c‐Fos induction. Peptides2001;22:81. CrossRef

340. FlanaganLM, OlsonBR, SvedAF, et al.Gastric motility in conscious rats given oxytocin and an oxytocin antagonist centrally. Brain Res1992;578:256. CrossRef

341. MartinezV, CuttittaF, TacheY. Central action of adrenomedullin to inhibit gastric emptying in rats. Endocrinology1997;138:3749. CrossRef

342. FiglewiczDP, SipolsAJ, PorteD, et al.Intraventricular CCK inhibits food intake and gastric emptying in baboons. Am J Physiol1989;256:R1313.

343. KrowickiZK, HornbyPJ. Substance P in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus evokes gastric motor inhibition via neurokinin 1 receptor in rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther2000;293:214.

344. KrowickiZK, HornbyPJ. Serotonin and thyrotropin‐releasing hormone do not augment their effects on gastric motility on their microinjection into the nucleus raphe obscurus of the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther1995;273:499.

345. YoonSH, SimSS, HahnSJ, et al.Stimulatory role of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in gastrointestinal motility through myoelectromechanical coordination in cats. J Auton Nerv Syst1996;57:22. CrossRef

346. BrayGA. Afferent signals regulating food intake. Proc Nutr Soc2000;59:373. CrossRef

347. AsakawaA, InuiA, UenoN, et al.Urocortin reduces food intake and gastric emptying in lean and ob/ob obese mice. Gastroenterology1999;116:1287. CrossRef

348. YuanCS, AtteleAS, DeyL, et al.Gastric effects of cholecystokinin and its interaction with leptin on brainstem neuronal activity in neonatal rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther2000;295:177.

349. SmedhU, HakanssonML, MeisterB, et al.Leptin injected into the fourth ventricle inhibits gastric emptying. Neuroreport1998;9:297. CrossRef

350. MartinezV, BarrachinaMD, WangL, et al.Intracerebroventricular leptin inhibits gastric emptying of a solid nutrient meal in rats. Neuroreport1999;10:3217. CrossRef

351. AsakawaA, InuiA, KagaT, et al.Ghrelin is an appetite‐stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology2001;120:337. CrossRef

352. CovasaM, RitterRC. Rats maintained on high‐fat diets exhibit reduced satiety in response to CCK and bombesin. Peptides1998;19:1407. CrossRef

353. CovasaM, RitterRC. Reduced sensitivity to the satiation effect of intestinal oleate in rats adapted to high‐fat diet. Am J Physiol1999;277:R279.

354. CunninghamKM, DalyJ, HorowitzM, et al.Gastrointestinal adaptation to diets of differing fat composition in human volunteers. Gut1991;32:483. CrossRef

355. CunninghamKM, HorowitzM, ReadNW. The effect of short‐term dietary supplementation with glucose on gastric emptying in humans. Br J Nutr1991;65:15. CrossRef

356. CastiglioneKE, ReadNW, FrenchSJ. Adaptation to high‐fat diet accelerates emptying of fat but not carbohydrate test meals in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2002;282:R366. CrossRef

357. FrenchSJ, MurrayB, RumseyRD, et al.Adaptation to high‐fat diets: effects on eating behaviour and plasma cholecystokinin. Br J Nutr1995;73:179. CrossRef

358. BoydKA, O'DonovanDG, DoranS, et al.High‐fat diet effects on gut motility, hormone, and appetite responses to duodenal lipid in healthy men. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2003;284:G188. CrossRef

359. ParkMI, CamilleriM, O'ConnorH, et al.Effect of different macronutrients in excess on gastric sensory and motor functions and appetite in normal‐weight, overweight, and obese humans. Am J Clin Nutr2007;85:411.