1. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Thiamin. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998: 58.

2. HoyumpaAM, StricklandR, SheehanJJ, et al.Dual system of intestinal thiamine transport in humans. J Lab Clin Med1982;99:701.

3. HoyumpaAMJr. Mechanisms of thiamin deficiency in chronic alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr1980;33:2750.

4. ShankarP, BoylanM, SriramK. Micronutrient deficiencies after bariatric surgery. Nutrition2010;26:1031. CrossRef

5. ShimonI, AlmogS, VeredZ, et al.Improved left ventricular function after thiamine supplementation in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long‐term furosemide therapy. Am J Med1995;98:485. CrossRef

6. ReulerJB, GirardDE, CooneyTG. Current concepts. Wernicke's encephalopathy. N Engl J Med1985;312:1035. CrossRef

7. CirignottaF, ManconiM, MondiniS, et al.Wernicke‐korsakoff encephalopathy and polyneuropathy after gastroplasty for morbid obesity: report of a case. Arch Neurol2000;57:1356. CrossRef

8. HerouxM, Raghavendra RaoVL, LavoieJ, et al.Alterations of thiamine phosphorylation and of thiamine‐dependent enzymes in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis1996;11:81. CrossRef

9. SauberlichHE. Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999.

10. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Riboflavin. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1998: 87.

11. SaidHM, MaTY. Mechanism of riboflavine uptake by Caco‐2 human intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol1994;266:G15.

12. McCormickDB. Ribolavin. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 434.

13. ZempleniJ, GallowayJR, McCormickDB. The metabolism of riboflavin in female patients with liver cirrhosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res1996;66:237.

14. RivlinR. Riboflavin. In: ZieglerEE(ed). Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, DC: ILSI Press, 1996: 167.

15. DuttaP, SeirafiJ, HalpinD, et al.Acute ethanol exposure alters hepatic glutathione metabolism in riboflavin deficiency. Alcohol1995;12:43. CrossRef

16. McCormickDB. Two interconnected B vitamins: riboflavin and pyridoxine. Physiol Rev1989;69:1170.

17. JacquesPF, KalmbachR, BagleyPJ, et al.The relationship between riboflavin and plasma total homocysteine in the Framingham Offspring cohort is influenced by folate status and the C677T transition in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. J Nutr2002;132:283.

18. HigdonJ. Niacin. An Evidence‐based Approach to Vitamins and Minerals; Health Benefits and Intake Reccomendations. New York: Thieme, 2003: 15.

19. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Niacin. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998: 123.

20. GoldbergJ. The relation of diet to Pellagra. JAMA1922;78:1676. CrossRef

21. CunhaDF, MonteiroJP, OrtegaLS, et al.Serum electrolytes in hospitalized pellagra alcoholics. Eur J Clin Nutr2000;54:440. CrossRef

22. MonteiroJP, da CunhaDF, FilhoDC, et al.Niacin metabolite excretion in alcoholic pellagra and AIDS patients with and without diarrhea. Nutrition2004;20:778. CrossRef

23. van der Horst‐SchriversANA, WymengaANM, LinksTP, et al.Complications of midgut carcinoid tumors and carcinoid syndrome. Neuroendocrinology2004;80(Suppl 1):28. CrossRef

24. BrownBG, ZhaoXQ, ChaitA, et al.Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med2001;345:1583. CrossRef

25. ScoffoneHM, KrajewskiM, ZorcaS, et al.Effect of extended‐release niacin on serum lipids and on endothelial function in adults with sickle cell anemia and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Am J Cardiol2013;112:1499. CrossRef

26. KimSH, KimMK, LeeHY, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of a new extended‐release formulation of nicotinic acid in Korean adults with mixed dyslipidemia: an 8‐week, multicenter, prospective, randomized, double‐blind, and placebo‐controlled trial. Clin Ther2011;33:1357. CrossRef

27. KarasRH, KashyapML, KnoppRH, et al.Long‐term safety and efficacy of a combination of niacin extended release and simvastatin in patients with dyslipidemia: the OCEANS study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs2008;8:69. CrossRef

28. PieperJA. Understanding niacin formulations. Am J Manag Care2002;8(12 Suppl):S308.

29. MiddletonHM3rd.Uptake of pyridoxine by in vivo perfused segments of rat small intestine: a possible role for intracellular vitamin metabolism. J Nutr1985;115:1079.

30. Roth‐MaierDA, ZinnerPM, KirchgessnerM. Effect of varying dietary vitamin B6 supply on intestinal absorption of vitamin B6. Int J Vitam Nutr Res1982;52:272.

31. MackeyAD, McMahonRJ, TownsendJH, et al.Uptake, hydrolysis, and metabolism of pyridoxine‐5′‐beta‐D‐glucoside in Caco‐2 cells. J Nutr2004;134:842.

32. SaidHM. Recent advances in carrier‐mediated intestinal absorption of water‐soluble vitamins. Annu Rev Physiol2004;66:419. CrossRef

33. SaidHM, OrtizA, MaTY. A carrier‐mediated mechanism for pyridoxine uptake by human intestinal epithelial Caco‐2 cells: regulation by a PKA‐mediated pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol2003;285:C1219. CrossRef

34. AndresE, LoukiliNH, NoelE, et al.Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. CMAJ2004;171:251. CrossRef

35. ToskesPP, HansellJ, CerdaJ, et al.Vitamin B12 malabsorption in chronic pancreatic insufficiency. N Engl J Med1971;284:627. CrossRef

36. MoestrupSK. New insights into carrier binding and epithelial uptake of the erythropoietic nutrients cobalamin and folate. Curr Opin Hematol2006;13:119. CrossRef

37. MoestrupSK, KozyrakiR, KristiansenM, et al.The intrinsic factor‐vitamin B12 receptor and target of teratogenic antibodies is a megalin‐binding peripheral membrane protein with homology to developmental proteins. J Biol Chem1998;273:5235. CrossRef

38. SeetharamB. Receptor‐mediated endocytosis of cobalamin (vitamin B12). Annu Rev Nutr1999;19:173. CrossRef

39. GueantJL, MoninB, BoisselP, et al.Biliary excretion of cobalamin and cobalamin analogues in man. Digestion1984;30:151. CrossRef

40. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin B12. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998: 306.

41. StablerSP, AllenRH. Vitamin B12 deficiency as a worldwide problem. Annu Rev Nutr2004;24:299. CrossRef

42. LindenbaumJ, HealtonEB, SavageDG, et al.Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N Engl J Med1988;318:1720. CrossRef

43. ShaneB, StokstadEL. Vitamin B12‐folate interrelationships. Annu Rev Nutr1985;5:115. CrossRef

44. LindenbaumJ, RosenbergIH, WilsonPW, et al.Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr1994;60:2.

45. CarmelR, AurangzebI, QianD. Associations of food‐cobalamin malabsorption with ethnic origin, age, Helicobacter pylori infection, and serum markers of gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol2001;96:63. CrossRef

46. CarmelR. Prevalence of undiagnosed pernicious anemia in the elderly. Arch Intern Med1996;156:1097. CrossRef

47. ValuckRJ, RuscinJM. A case‐control study on adverse effects: H2 blocker or proton pump inhibitor use and risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in older adults. J Clin Epidemiol2004;57:422. CrossRef

48. HalversonJD. Micronutrient deficiencies after gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Am Surg1986;52:594.

49. BrolinRE, LeungM. Survey of vitamin and mineral supplementation after gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion for morbid obesity. Obes Surg1999;9:150. CrossRef

50. ShimodaSS, SaundersDR, RubinCE. The Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome with steatorrhea. II. The mechanism of fat and vitamin B 12 malabsorption. Gastroenterology1968;55:705.

51. GueantJL, ChampigneulleB, GaucherP, et al.Malabsorption of vitamin B12 in pancreatic insufficiency of the adult and of the child. Pancreas1990;5:559. CrossRef

52. GreggCR. Enteric bacterial flora and bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Semin Gastrointest Dis2002;13:200.

53. RiordanSM, McIverCJ, WakefieldD, et al.Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the symptomatic elderly. Am J Gastroenterol1997;92:47.

54. BrasitusTA. Parasites and malabsorption. Clin Gastroenterol1983;12:495.

55. LenzK. The effect of the site of lesion and extent of resection on duodenal bile acid concentration and vitamin B12 absorption in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol1975;10:241.

56. BeerWH, FanA, HalstedCH. Clinical and nutritional implications of radiation enteritis. Am J Clin Nutr1985;41:85.

57. SundaramA, KoutkiaP, ApovianCM. Nutritional management of short bowel syndrome in adults. J Clin Gastroenterol2002;34:207. CrossRef

58. HvasA‐M, NexoE. Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency–an update. Haematologica2006;91:1506.

59. HvasAM, NexoE. Holotranscobalamin–a first choice assay for diagnosing early vitamin B deficiency?J Intern Med2005;257:289. CrossRef

60. RhodeBM, ArseneauP, CooperBA, et al.Vitamin B‐12 deficiency after gastric surgery for obesity. Am J Clin Nutr1996;63:103.

61. KuzminskiAM, Del GiaccoEJ, AllenRH, et al.Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood1998;92:1191.

62. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Folate. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998: 196.

63. HalstedCH, ReisenauerAM, RomeroJJ, et al.Jejunal perfusion of simple and conjugated folates in celiac sprue. J Clin Invest1977;59:933. CrossRef

64. ChandlerCJ, HarrisonDA, BuffingtonCA, et al.Functional specificity of jejunal brush‐border pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase in pig. Am J Physiol1991;260:865.

65. VillanuevaJA, DevlinAM, HalstedCH. Reduced folate carrier: tissue distribution and effects of chronic ethanol intake in the micropig. Alcohol Clin Exp Res2001;25:415. CrossRef

66. SaidHM, NguyenTT, DyerDL, et al.Intestinal folate transport: identification of a cDNA involved in folate transport and the functional expression and distribution of its mRNA. Biochim Biophys Acta1996;1281:164. CrossRef

67. SelhubJ, RosenbergIH. Folate transport in isolated brush border membrane vesicles from rat intestine. J Biol Chem1981;256:4489.

68. StrumW, NixonPF, BertinoJB, et al.Intestinal folate absorption. I. 5‐Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. J Clin Invest1971;50:1910. CrossRef

69. SteinbergSE, CampbellCL, HillmanRS. Kinetics of the normal folate enterohepatic cycle. J Clin Invest1979;64:83. CrossRef

70. TamuraT, HalstedCH. Folate turnover in chronically alcoholic monkeys. J Lab Clin Med1983;101:623.

71. JacquesPF, SelhubJ, BostomAG, et al.The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med1999;340:1449. CrossRef

72. NguyenTT, DyerDL, DunningDD, et al.Human intestinal folate transport: cloning, expression, and distribution of complementary RNA. Gastroenterology1997;112:783. CrossRef

73. HaapalahtiM, KulmalaP, KarttunenTJ, et al.Nutritional status in adolescents and young adults with screen‐detected celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2005;40:566. CrossRef

74. HalstedCH, GandhiG, TamuraT. Sulfasalazine inhibits the absorption of folates in ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med1981;305:1513. CrossRef

75. HerbertV, ZaluskyR, DavidsonCS. Correlation of folate deficiency with alcoholism and associated macrocytosis, anemia, and liver disease. Ann Intern Med1963;58:977. CrossRef

76. HalstedCH, RoblesEA, MezeyE. Decreased jejunal uptake of labeled folic acid (3 H‐PGA) in alcoholic patients: roles of alcohol and nutrition. N Engl J Med1971;285:701. CrossRef

77. FrosstP, BlomHJ, MilosR, et al.A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet1995;10:111. CrossRef

78. van der PutNM, GabreelsF, StevensEM, et al.A second common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: an additional risk factor for neural‐tube defects?Am J Hum Genet1998;62:1044. CrossRef

79. DevlinAM, ClarkeR, BirksJ, et al.Interactions among polymorphisms in folate‐metabolizing genes and serum total homocysteine concentrations in a healthy elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr2006;83:708.

80. HermosJA, AdamsWH, LiuYK, et al.Mucosa of the small intestine in folate‐deficient alcoholics. Ann Intern Med1972;76:957. CrossRef

81. MekhjianHS, MayES. Acute and chronic effects of ethanol on fluid transport in the human small intestine. Gastroenterology1977;72:1280.

82. DalyLE, KirkePN, MolloyA, et al.Folate levels and neural tube defects. Implications for prevention. JAMA1995;274:1698. CrossRef

83. ScottJM, KirkePN, WeirDG. Folic acid in the prevention of neural tube defects. Ir J Med Sci1992;161:579. CrossRef

84. RaderJI, SchneemanBO. Prevalence of neural tube defects, folate status, and folate fortification of enriched cereal‐grain products in the United States. Pediatrics2006;117:1394. CrossRef

85. SelhubJ, JacquesPF, BostomAG, et al.Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid‐artery stenosis. N Engl J Med1995;332:286. CrossRef

86. BazzanoLA, ReynoldsK, HolderKN, et al.Effect of folic acid supplementation on risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA2006;296:2720. CrossRef

87. KimYI. Folate and DNA methylation: a mechanistic link between folate deficiency and colorectal cancer?Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2004;13:511.

88. PurohitV, AbdelmalekMF, BarveS, et al.Role of S‐adenosylmethionine, folate, and betaine in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease: summary of a symposium. Am J Clin Nutr2007;86:14.

89. EichnerER, HillmanRS. The evolution of anemia in alcoholic patients. Am J Med1971;50:218. CrossRef

90. WalkerJG, BatterhamPJ, MackinnonAJ, et al.Oral folic acid and vitamin B‐12 supplementation to prevent cognitive decline in community‐dwelling older adults with depressive symptoms – the Beyond Ageing Project: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr2012;95:194. CrossRef

91. SmithAD. Folic acid fortification: the good, the bad, and the puzzle of vitamin B‐12. Am J Clin Nutr2007;85:3.

92. UlrichCM, PotterJ. Folate supplementation: too much of a good thing?Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2006;15:189. CrossRef

93. PfeifferCM, CaudillSP, GunterEW, et al.Biochemical indicators of B vitamin status in the US population after folic acid fortification: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999‐2000. Am J Clin Nutr2005;82:442.

94. TroenAM, MitchellB, SorensenB, et al.Unmetabolized folic acid in plasma is associated with reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity among postmenopausal women. J Nutr2006;136:189.

95. HultdinJ, Van GuelpenB, BerghA, et al.Plasma folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Int J Cancer2005;113:819. CrossRef

96. Stolzenberg‐SolomonRZ, ChangSC, LeitzmannMF, et al.Folate intake, alcohol use, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Am J Clin Nutr2006;83:895.

97. MorrisMS, JacquesPF, RosenbergIH, et al.Folate and vitamin B‐12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr2007;85:193.

98. CzerwieckiL. Contemporary view of plant antioxidants role in prevention of civilization diseases. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig2009;60:201.

99. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin C. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000: 95.

100. FischerH, SchwarzerC, IllekB. Vitamin C controls the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2004;101:3691. CrossRef

101. LindbladM, Tveden‐NyborgP, LykkesfeldtJ. Regulation of vitamin C homeostasis during deficiency. Nutrients2013;5:2860. CrossRef

102. CortiA, CasiniAF, PompellaA. Cellular pathways for transport and efflux of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys2010;500:107. CrossRef

103. HughesRE, HurleyRJ, JonesPR. The retention of ascorbic acid by guinea‐pig tissues. Br J Nutr1971;26:433. CrossRef

104. LevineM, Conry‐CantilenaC, WangY, et al.Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1996;93:3704. CrossRef

105. RumseySC, DaruwalaR, Al‐HasaniH, et al.Dehydroascorbic acid transport by GLUT4 in Xenopus oocytes and isolated rat adipocytes. J Biol Chem2000;275:28246.

106. JacobRA. Vitamin C. In: ShilsME, OlsonJ, ShikeC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edn. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1999: 467.

107. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.

108. RonchettiIP, QuaglinoDJr, BergaminiG. Ascorbic acid and connective tissue. Subcell Biochem1996;25:249. CrossRef

109. EnglardS, SeifterS. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr1986;6:365. CrossRef

110. FreiB, EnglandL, AmesBN. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1989;86:6377. CrossRef

111. TsaoCS. An overview of ascorbic acid chemistry and biochemistry. In: PackerL, FuchsJ(eds). Vitamin C in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 25.

112. GosiewskaA, MahmoodianF, PeterkofskyB. Gene expression of iron‐related proteins during iron deficiency caused by scurvy in guinea pigs. Arch Biochem Biophys1996;325:295. CrossRef

113. HallbergL, BruneM, RossanderL. The role of vitamin C in iron absorption. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl1989;30:103.

114. BakerEM, HodgesRE, HoodJ, et al.Metabolism of 14C‐ and 3H‐labeled L‐ascorbic acid in human scurvy. Am J Clin Nutr1971;24:444.

115. LevineM, RumseyS, WangY, et al.Vitamin C. In: ZieglerEE, FilerLJ(ed). Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 7th edn. Washington, DC: ILSI press, 1996: 146.

116. LevineM, KatzA, PadayattySJ. Vitamin C. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 507.

117. FreudenheimJL, GrahamS, MarshallJR, et al.A case‐control study of diet and rectal cancer in western New York. Am J Epidemiol1990;131:612.

118. BostickRM, PotterJD, McKenzieDR, et al.Reduced risk of colon cancer with high intake of vitamin E: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Res1993;53:4230.

119. O'TooleP, LombardM. Vitamin C and gastric cancer: supplements for some or fruit for all?Gut1996;39:345. CrossRef

120. FonthamET. Vitamin C, vitamin C‐rich foods, and cancer: epidemiologic studies. In: FreiB(ed). Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994: 157.

121. MannickEE, BravoLE, ZaramaG, et al.Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: effect of antibiotics and antioxidants. Cancer Res1996;56:3238.

122. BlotWJ, LiJY, TaylorPR, et al.Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease‐specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst1993;85:1483. CrossRef

123. Bueno de MesquitaHB, MaisonneuveP, RuniaS, et al.Intake of foods and nutrients and cancer of the exocrine pancreas: a population‐based case‐control study in The Netherlands. Int J Cancer1991;48:540. CrossRef

124. GhadirianP, BoyleP, SimardA, et al.Reported family aggregation of pancreatic cancer within a population‐based case‐control study in the Francophone community in Montreal, Canada. Int J Pancreatol1991;10:183.

125. ZatonskiW, PrzewozniakK, HoweGR, et al.Nutritional factors and pancreatic cancer: a case‐control study from south‐west Poland. Int J Cancer1991;48:390. CrossRef

126. HoweGR, GhadirianP, Bueno de MesquitaHB, et al.A collaborative case‐control study of nutrient intake and pancreatic cancer within the search programme. Int J Cancer1992;51:365. CrossRef

127. ZempleniJ, RuckerR, SuttieJ, et al.Handbook of Vitamins, 4th edn. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis, 2007.

128. LieberCS. Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease. Alcohol Res Health2003;27:220.

129. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin A. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000: 82.

130. WolfG. The visual cycle of the cone photoreceptors of the retina. Nutr Rev2004;62:283. CrossRef

131. von LintigJ, HesselS, IskenA, et al.Towards a better understanding of carotenoid metabolism in animals. Biochim Biophys Acta2005;1740:122. CrossRef

132. RossAC. Vitamin A and carotenoids. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Willkins, 2006: 351.

133. UnderwoodBA. Vitamin A deficiency disorders: international efforts to control a preventable "pox". J Nutr2004;134:231s.

134. LeoMA, LieberCS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta‐carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin Nutr1999;69:1071.

135. MellowMH, LayneEA, LipmanTO, et al.Plasma zinc and vitamin A in human squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer1983;51:1615. CrossRef

136. OmennGS, GoodmanGE, ThornquistMD, et al.Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med1996;334:1150. CrossRef

137. ZhangS, HunterDJ, FormanMR, et al.Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst1999;91:547. CrossRef

138. HultenK, Van KappelAL, WinkvistA, et al.Carotenoids, alpha‐tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden. Cancer Causes Control2001;12:529. CrossRef

139. GiovannucciE. Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiological literature. J Nutr2005;135:2030s.

140. KhasruMR, YasminR, SalekAK, et al.Acute hypervitaminosis A in a young lady. Mymensingh Med J2010;19:294.

141. ErtekinV, SelimogluMA, TanH. Pseudotumor cerebri due to hypervitaminosis A or hypervitaminosis D or both in Alagille syndrome. Headache2010;50:152. CrossRef

142. McGeeneyBE, FriedmanDI. Pseudotumor cerebri pathophysiology. Headache2014;54:445. CrossRef

143. BiousseV, BruceBB, NewmanNJ. Update on the pathophysiology and management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2012;83:488. CrossRef

144. ForrestKY, StuhldreherWL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res2011;31:48. CrossRef

145. HolickMF. Vitamin D. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006:376.

146. The A.S.P.E.N.Nutrition support Core curriculum: A case‐based approach – the adult patient, 2nd edn. USA: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2007.

147. PrieD, FriedlanderG. Reciprocal control of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D and FGF23 formation involving the FGF23/Klotho system. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol2010;5:1717. CrossRef

148. RayR. Molecular recognition in vitamin D‐binding protein. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1996;212:305. CrossRef

149. HolickMF. Vitamin D: its role in cancer prevention and treatment. Prog Biophys Mol Biol2006;92:49. CrossRef

150. SzodorayP, NakkenB, GaalJ, et al.The complex role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases. Scand J Immunol2008;68:261. CrossRef

151. MiyakoshiH, AokiT, HirasawaY. Immunological effects of 1alpha‐hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha‐OH‐D3) and its metabolites. Clin Nephrol1981;16:119.

152. D′AmbrosioD, CippitelliM, CoccioloMG, et al.Inhibition of IL‐12 production by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF‐kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest1998;101:252. CrossRef

153. BhallaAK, AmentoEP, SerogB, et al.1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits antigen‐induced T cell activation. J Immunol1984;133:1748.

154. ProvvediniDM, TsoukasCD, DeftosLJ, et al.1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes. Science1983;221:1181. CrossRef

155. KorenR, RavidA, RotemC, et al.1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances prostaglandin E2 production by monocytes. A mechanism which partially accounts for the antiproliferative effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on lymphocytes. FEBS Lett1986;205:113. CrossRef

156. HeineG, AntonK, HenzBM, et al.1alpha,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits anti‐CD40 plus IL‐4‐mediated IgE production in vitro. Eur J Immunol2002;32:3395.

157. LeungKH. Inhibition of human natural killer cell and lymphokine‐activated killer cell cytotoxicity and differentiation by vitamin D3. Scand J Immunol1989;30:199. CrossRef

158. MerinoF, Alvarez‐MonM, de la HeraA, et al.Regulation of natural killer cytotoxicity by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cell Immunol1989;118:328. CrossRef

159. XuH, SoruriA, GieselerRK, et al.1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts opposing effects to IL‐4 on MHC class‐II antigen expression, accessory activity, and phagocytosis of human monocytes. Scand J Immunol1993;38:535. CrossRef

160. PennaG, AdoriniL. 1 Alpha,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol2000;164:2405. CrossRef

161. BererA, StocklJ, MajdicO, et al.1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits dendritic cell differentiation and maturation in vitro. Exp Hematol2000;28:575. CrossRef

162. CanningMO, GrotenhuisK, de WitH, et al.1‐alpha,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) hampers the maturation of fully active immature dendritic cells from monocytes. Eur J Endocrinol2001;145:351. CrossRef

163. van HalterenAG, van EttenE, de JongEC, et al.Redirection of human autoreactive T‐cells Upon interaction with dendritic cells modulated by TX527, an analog of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Diabetes2002;51:2119. CrossRef

164. GriffinMD, LutzW, PhanVA, et al.Dendritic cell modulation by 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: a vitamin D receptor‐dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturity in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2001;98:6800. CrossRef

165. SpittlerA, WillheimM, LeutmezerF, et al.Effects of 1 alpha,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines on the expression of MHC antigens, complement receptors and other antigens on human blood monocytes and U937 cells: role in cell differentiation, activation and phagocytosis. Immunology1997;90:286. CrossRef

166. TokudaN, LevyRB. 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates phagocytosis but suppresses HLA‐DR and CD13 antigen expression in human mononuclear phagocytes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1996;211:244. CrossRef

167. GregoriS, CasoratiM, AmuchasteguiS, et al.Regulatory T cells induced by 1 alpha,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 and mycophenolate mofetil treatment mediate transplantation tolerance. J Immunol2001;167:1945. CrossRef

168. CaramaschiP, Dalla GassaA, RuzzenenteO, et al.Vitamin D and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Clin Rheumatol2011;30:443. CrossRef

169. MarquesCD, DantasAT, FragosoTS, et al.The importance of vitamin D levels in autoimmune diseases. Rev Bras Reumatol2010;50:67. CrossRef

170. HolickMF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr2004;79:362.

171. HolickMF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc2006;81:353. CrossRef

172. WillerCJ, DymentDA, SadovnickAD, et al.Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study. BMJ2005;330:120. CrossRef

173. WillisJA, ScottRS, DarlowBA, et al.Seasonality of birth and onset of clinical disease in children and adolescents (0‐19 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Canterbury, New Zealand. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab2002;15:645.

174. MerlinoLA, CurtisJ, MikulsTR, et al.Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arthritis Rheum2004;50:72. CrossRef

175. CantornaMT, MunsickC, BemissC, et al.1,25‐Dihydroxycholecalciferol prevents and ameliorates symptoms of experimental murine inflammatory bowel disease. J Nutr2000;130:2648.

176. MerschPP, MiddendorpHM, BouhuysAL, et al.Seasonal affective disorder and latitude: a review of the literature. J Affect Disord1999;53:35. CrossRef

177. GarlandFC, GarlandCF, GorhamED, et al.Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: a hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation. Prev Med1990;19:614. CrossRef

178. GrantWB. An ecologic study of dietary and solar ultraviolet‐B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates. Cancer2002;94:272. CrossRef

179. PritchardRS, BaronJA, Gerhardsson de VerdierM. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the risk of colorectal cancer in Stockholm, Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev1996;5:897.

180. GarlandCF, ComstockGW, GarlandFC, et al.Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and colon cancer: eight‐year prospective study. Lancet1989;2:1176. CrossRef

181. TuohimaaP, TenkanenL, AhonenM, et al.Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case‐control study in the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer2004;108:104. CrossRef

182. ReisJP, von MuhlenD, MillerER3rd, et al.Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in the United States adolescent population. Pediatrics2009;124:e371. CrossRef

183. GindeAA, MansbachJM, CamargoCAJr. Association between serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med2009;169:384. CrossRef

184. BrehmJM, CeledonJC, Soto‐QuirosME, et al.Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2009;179:765. CrossRef

185. GuptaA, BushA, HawrylowiczC, et al.Vitamin D and asthma in children. Paediatr Respir Rev2012;13:236, quiz 43. CrossRef

186. MorganSL, WeinsierR. Fundamentals of Clinical Nutrition. St Louis: Mosby, 1998.

187. RossAC, TaylorCL, YaktineAL, et al. (eds). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2011.

188. SelbyPL, DaviesM, MarksJS, et al.Vitamin D intoxication causes hypercalcaemia by increased bone resorption which responds to pamidronate. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)1995;43:531. CrossRef

189. CountsSJ, BaylinkDJ, ShenFH, et al.Vitamin D intoxication in an anephric child. Ann Intern Med1975;82:196. CrossRef

190. Lilienfeld‐ToalH, MesserschmidtW, SturmB, et al.25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D levels in a patient with hypervitaminosis D. Klin Wochenschr1978;56:715. CrossRef

191. DownPF, PolakA, ReganRJ. A family with massive acute vitamin D intoxication. Postgrad Med J1979;55:897. CrossRef

192. JacqzE, GarabedianM, GuillozoH, et al.Circulating metabolites of vitamin D in 14 children with hypercalcemia]. Arch Fr Pediatr1985;42:225.

193. Xth Congress of the French Society of Hematology with the participation of the National Society of Blood Transfusion. Rouen, June 14‐17, 1989. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol1989;31:239.

194. JacobusCH, HolickMF, ShaoQ, et al.Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk. N Engl J Med1992;326:1173. CrossRef

195. RizzoliR, StoermannC, AmmannP, et al.Hypercalcemia and hyperosteolysis in vitamin D intoxication: effects of clodronate therapy. Bone1994;15:193. CrossRef

196. ChiriconeD, De SantoNG, CirilloM. Unusual cases of chronic intoxication by vitamin D. J Nephrol2003;16:917.

197. BarruetoFJr, Wang‐FloresHH, HowlandMA, et al.Acute vitamin D intoxication in a child. Pediatrics2005;116:e453. CrossRef

198. KlontzKC, AchesonDW. Dietary supplement‐induced vitamin D intoxication. N Engl J Med2007;357:308. CrossRef

199. BlankS, ScanlonKS, SinksTH, et al.An outbreak of hypervitaminosis D associated with the overfortification of milk from a home‐delivery dairy. Am J Public Health1995;85:656. CrossRef

200. ViethR. The mechanisms of vitamin D toxicity. Bone Miner1990;11:267. CrossRef

201. JonesG. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr2008;88:582s.

202. Agmon‐LevinN, TheodorE, SegalRM, et al.Vitamin D in systemic and organ‐specific autoimmune diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol2013;45:256. CrossRef

203. GrossC, StameyT, HancockS, et al.Treatment of early recurrent prostate cancer with 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). J Urol1998;159:2035, discussion 9. CrossRef

204. PetersU, McGlynnKA, ChatterjeeN, et al.Vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin D receptor polymorphism in colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2001;10:1267.

205. Wactawski‐WendeJ, KotchenJM, AndersonGL, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med2006;354:684. CrossRef

206. FedirkoV, BostickRM, FlandersWD, et al.Effects of vitamin d and calcium on proliferation and differentiation in normal colon mucosa: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2009;18:2933. CrossRef

207. GorhamED, GarlandCF, GarlandFC, et al.Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysis. Am J Prev Med2007;32:210. CrossRef

208. LeeJE, LiH, ChanAT, et al.Circulating levels of vitamin D and colon and rectal cancer: the Physicians′ Health Study and a meta‐analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Prev Res (Phila)2011;4:735. CrossRef

209. GandiniS, BoniolM, HaukkaJ, et al.Meta‐analysis of observational studies of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma. Int J Cancer2011;128:1414. CrossRef

210. MaY, ZhangP, WangF, et al.Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies. J Clin Oncol2011;29:3775. CrossRef

211. AbreuMT, KantorovichV, VasiliauskasEA, et al.Measurement of vitamin D levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients reveals a subset of Crohn's disease patients with elevated 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D and low bone mineral density. Gut2004;53:1129. CrossRef

212. XueLN, XuKQ, ZhangW, et al.Associations between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a meta‐analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis2013;19:54. CrossRef

213. LagishettyV, MisharinAV, LiuNQ, et al.Vitamin D deficiency in mice impairs colonic antibacterial activity and predisposes to colitis. Endocrinology2010;151:2423. CrossRef

214. DanielC, SartoryNA, ZahnN, et al.Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther2008;324:23. CrossRef

215. AnanthakrishnanAN, KhaliliH, HiguchiLM, et al.Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology2012;142:482. CrossRef

216. MihellerP, MuzesG, HritzI, et al.Comparison of the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and 25 hydroxyvitamin D on bone pathology and disease activity in Crohn's disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis2009;15:1656. CrossRef

217. YangL, WeaverV, SmithJP, et al.Therapeutic effect of vitamin d supplementation in a pilot study of Crohn's patients. Clin Transl Gastroenterol2013;4:e33. CrossRef

218. ArmasLA, HollisBW, HeaneyRP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2004;89:5387. CrossRef

219. PepperKJ, JuddSE, NanesMS, et al.Evaluation of vitamin D repletion regimens to correct vitamin D status in adults. Endocr Pract2009;15:95. CrossRef

220. Vande GriendJP, McQueenRB, LinneburSA, et al.Prescription ergocalciferol dosing for vitamin D repletion: a retrospective evaluation. Pharmacotherapy2012;32:135. CrossRef

221. MalabananA, VeronikisIE, HolickMF. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet1998;351:805. CrossRef

222. AdamsJS, KantorovichV, WuC, et al.Resolution of vitamin D insufficiency in osteopenic patients results in rapid recovery of bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1999;84:2729.

223. PietrasSM, ObayanBK, CaiMH, et al.Vitamin D2 treatment for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency for up to 6 years. Arch Intern Med2009;169:1806. CrossRef

224. HolickMF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med2007;357:266. CrossRef

225. TraberMG. Vitamin E regulation. Curr Opin Gastroenterol2002;21:223. CrossRef

226. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin E. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000: 186.

227. TraberMG. Vitamin E. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (ed). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 396.

228. HalliwellB, RafterJ, JennerA. Health promotion by flavonoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and other phenols: direct or indirect effects? Antioxidant or not?Am J Clin Nutr2005;81(1 Suppl):276.

229. SokolRJ. Vitamin E. In: ZeiglerEE, FilerL(eds). Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, DC: ILSI Press, 1996: 130.

230. SanyalAJ, ChalasaniN, KowdleyKV, et al.Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med2010;362:1675. CrossRef

231. SuttieJ. Vitamin K. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (ed). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 412.

232. BerknerKL. The vitamin K‐dependent carboxylase. Annu Rev Nutr2005;25:127. CrossRef

233. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin K. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000: 162.

234. American Academy of Pediatrics. Vitamin K Ad Hoc Task Force: Controversies concerning vitamin K and the newborn. Pediatrics1993;91:1001.

235. BoothSL, TuckerKL, ChenH, et al.Dietary vitamin K intakes are associated with hip fracture but not with bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr2000;71:1201.

236. VissersLE, DalmeijerGW, BoerJM, et al.Intake of dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones and risk of stroke. J Am Heart Assoc2013;2:e000455. CrossRef

237. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Calcium. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997: 9.

238. RoseBD, PostT. Clinical Physiology of Acid‐Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 5th edn. New York, NY: McGraw‐Hill, 2001.

239. BronnerF, PansuD. Nutritional aspects of calcium absorption. J Nutr1999;129:9.

240. HylanderE, LadefogedK, JarnumS. Calcium absorption after intestinal resection. The importance of a preserved colon. Scand J Gastroenterol1990;25:705. CrossRef

241. FeherJJ. Facilitated calcium diffusion by intestinal calcium‐binding protein. Am J Physiol1983;244:C303.

242. PansuD, BellatonC, RocheC, et al.Theophylline inhibits transcellular Ca transport in intestine and Ca binding by CaBP. Am J Physiol1989;257:G935.

243. WassermanRH, FullmerCS. Vitamin D and intestinal calcium transport: facts, speculations and hypotheses. J Nutr1995;125(7 Suppl):1971s.

244. BuclinT, CosmaM, AppenzellerM, et al.Diet acids and alkalis influence calcium retention in bone. Osteoporos Int2001;12:493. CrossRef

245. DahlinAM, HenrikssonML, Van GuelpenB, et al.Colorectal cancer prognosis depends on T‐cell infiltration and molecular characteristics of the tumor. Mod Pathol2011;24:671. CrossRef

246. NeuhouserML, Wassertheil‐SmollerS, ThomsonC, et al.Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative cohorts. Arch Intern Med2009;169:294. CrossRef

247. PopovtzerMM. Disorders of calcium, phosphorus, Vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone activity. In: SchrierR(ed). Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, 6th edn. Philadephia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003: 216.

248. LangleyG. Fluid, electrolytes, and acid‐base disorders. In: GottschlichM(ed). The A.S.P.E.N. Nutrition Support Core Curriculum: A case based approach‐ the adult patient, 2nd edn. USA: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2007: 104.

249. OlingerML. Disorders of calcium and magnesium metabolism. Emerg Med Clin North Am1989;7:795.

250. AnastCS, WinnackerJL, ForteLR, et al.Impaired release of parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1976;42:707. CrossRef

251. FatemiS, RyzenE, FloresJ, et al.Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1991;73:1067. CrossRef

252. KraftMD, BtaicheIF, SacksGS, et al.Treatment of electrolyte disorders in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Am J Health Syst Pharm2005;62:1663. CrossRef

253. McCulloughML, RobertsonAS, RodriguezC, et al.Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control2003;14:1. CrossRef

254. WuK, WillettWC, FuchsCS, et al.Calcium intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. J Natl Cancer Inst2002;94:437. CrossRef

255. PietinenP, MalilaN, VirtanenM, et al.Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control1999;10:387. CrossRef

256. TerryP, BaronJA, BergkvistL, et al.Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective cohort study in women. Nutr Cancer2002;43:39. CrossRef

257. ZhengW, AndersonKE, KushiLH, et al.A prospective cohort study of intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other micronutrients in relation to incidence of rectal cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev1998;7:221.

258. ParkY, LeitzmannMF, SubarAF, et al.Dairy food, calcium, and risk of cancer in the NIH‐AARP Diet and Health Study. Arch Intern Med2009;169:391. CrossRef

259. BaronJA, BeachM, MandelJS, et al.Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med1999;340:101. CrossRef

260. BaronJA, BeachM, MandelJS, et al.Calcium supplements and colorectal adenomas. Polyp Prevention Study Group. Ann N Y Acad Sci1999;889:138. CrossRef

261. Bonithon‐KoppC, KronborgO, GiacosaA, et al.Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial. European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group. Lancet2000;356:1300. CrossRef

262. MaJ, GiovannucciE, PollakM, et al.Milk intake, circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐I, and risk of colorectal cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst2001;93:1330. CrossRef

263. ZhangX, GiovannucciE. Calcium, vitamin D and colorectal cancer chemoprevention. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol2011;25:485. CrossRef

264. WangL, MansonJE, SessoHD. Calcium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: a review of prospective studies and randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs2012;12:105. CrossRef

265. Van der VijverLP, van der WaalMA, WeteringsKG, et al.Calcium intake and 28‐year cardiovascular and coronary heart disease mortality in Dutch civil servants. Int J Epidemiol1992;21:36. CrossRef

266. BostickRM, KushiLH, WuY, et al.Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol1999;149:151. CrossRef

267. KaluzaJ, OrsiniN, LevitanEB, et al.Dietary calcium and magnesium intake and mortality: a prospective study of men. Am J Epidemiol2010;171:801. CrossRef

268. Al‐DelaimyWK, RimmE, WillettWC, et al.A prospective study of calcium intake from diet and supplements and risk of ischemic heart disease among men. Am J Clin Nutr2003;77:814.

269. UmesawaM, IsoH, DateC, et al.Dietary intake of calcium in relation to mortality from cardiovascular disease: the JACC Study. Stroke2006;37:20. CrossRef

270. MarniemiJ, AlanenE, ImpivaaraO, et al.Dietary and serum vitamins and minerals as predictors of myocardial infarction and stroke in elderly subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis2005;15:188. CrossRef

271. UmesawaM, IsoH, IshiharaJ, et al.Dietary calcium intake and risks of stroke, its subtypes, and coronary heart disease in Japanese: the JPHC Study Cohort I. Stroke2008;39:2449. CrossRef

272. AbbottRD, CurbJD, RodriguezBL, et al.Effect of dietary calcium and milk consumption on risk of thromboembolic stroke in older middle‐aged men. The Honolulu Heart Program. Stroke1996;27:813. CrossRef

273. IsoH, StampferMJ, MansonJE, et al.Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke1999;30:1772. CrossRef

274. AscherioA, RimmEB, HernanMA, et al.Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men. Circulation1998;98:1198. CrossRef

275. LarssonSC, VirtanenMJ, MarsM, et al.Magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium intakes and risk of stroke in male smokers. Arch Intern Med2008;168:459. CrossRef

276. PenttiK, TuppurainenMT, HonkanenR, et al.Use of calcium supplements and the risk of coronary heart disease in 52‐62‐year‐old women: the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study. Maturitas2009;63:73. CrossRef

277. PrinceRL, DevineA, DhaliwalSS, et al.Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5‐year, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern Med2006;166:869. CrossRef

278. BollandMJ, BarberPA, DoughtyRN, et al.Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ2008;336:262. CrossRef

279. ReidIR, AmesR, MasonB, et al.Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, nonosteoporotic, older men. Arch Intern Med2008;168:2276. CrossRef

280. BrazierM, GradosF, KamelS, et al.Clinical and laboratory safety of one year's use of a combination calcium + vitamin D tablet in ambulatory elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency: results of a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Clin Ther2005;27:1885. CrossRef

281. HsiaJ, HeissG, RenH, et al.Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation2007;115:846. CrossRef

282. LappeJM, HeaneyRP. Calcium supplementation: Results may not be generalisable. BMJ2008;336:403, author reply 4. CrossRef

283. XiaoQ, MurphyRA, HoustonDK, et al.Dietary and supplemental calcium intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: the National Institutes of Health‐AARP diet and health study. JAMA Intern Med2013;173:639. CrossRef

284. MichaelssonK, MelhusH, Warensjo LemmingE, et al.Long term calcium intake and rates of all cause and cardiovascular mortality: community based prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ2013;346:f228. CrossRef

285. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997.

286. ChanR, LeungJ, WooJ. A prospective cohort study examining the associations of dietary calcium intake with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in older Chinese community‐dwelling people. PLoS ONE2013;8:e80895. CrossRef

287. ZemelMB, ShiH, GreerB, et al.Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J2000;14:1132.

288. HeaneyRP. Normalizing calcium intake: projected population effects for body weight. J Nutr2003;133:268s.

289. HeaneyRP, DaviesKM, Barger‐LuxMJ. Calcium and weight: clinical studies. J Am Coll Nutr2002;21:152s. CrossRef

290. DaviesKM, HeaneyRP, ReckerRR, et al.Calcium intake and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2000;85:4635.

291. SkinnerJD, BoundsW, CarruthBR, et al.Longitudinal calcium intake is negatively related to children's body fat indexes. J Am Diet Assoc2003;103:1626. CrossRef

292. DrapeauV, DespresJP, BouchardC, et al.Modifications in food‐group consumption are related to long‐term body‐weight changes. Am J Clin Nutr2004;80:29.

293. LoosRJ, RankinenT, LeonAS, et al.Calcium intake is associated with adiposity in Black and White men and White women of the HERITAGE Family Study. J Nutr2004;134:1772.

294. ZemelMB, ThompsonW, MilsteadA, et al.Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults. Obes Res2004;12:582. CrossRef

295. ShapsesSA, HeshkaS, HeymsfieldSB. Effect of calcium supplementation on weight and fat loss in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2004;89:632. CrossRef

296. SchragerS. Dietary calcium intake and obesity. J Am Board Fam Pract2005;18:205. CrossRef

297. EbellMH, SiwekJ, WeissBD, et al.Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): a patient‐centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature. J Am Board Fam Pract2004;17:59. CrossRef

298. SoerensenKV, ThorningTK, AstrupA, et al.Effect of dairy calcium from cheese and milk on fecal fat excretion, blood lipids, and appetite in young men. Am J Clin Nutr2014;99:984. CrossRef

299. ChristensenR, LorenzenJK, SvithCR, et al.Effect of calcium from dairy and dietary supplements on faecal fat excretion: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev2009;10:475. CrossRef

300. JonesKW, EllerLK, ParnellJA, et al.Effect of a dairy‐ and calcium‐rich diet on weight loss and appetite during energy restriction in overweight and obese adults: a randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr2013;67:371. CrossRef

301. LorenzenJK, NielsenS, HolstJJ, et al.Effect of dairy calcium or supplementary calcium intake on postprandial fat metabolism, appetite, and subsequent energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr2007;85:678.

302. UlitskyA, AnanthakrishnanAN, NaikA, et al.Vitamin D deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: association with disease activity and quality of life. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2011;35:308. CrossRef

303. ReinhartRA. Magnesium metabolism. A review with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels. Arch Intern Med1988;148:2415. CrossRef

304. ShilsME. Experimental human magnesium depletion. Medicine1969;48:61. CrossRef

305. QuammeGA. Laboratory evaluation of magnesium status. Renal function and free intracellular magnesium concentration. Clin Lab Med1993;13:209.

306. FineKD, Santa AnaCA, PorterJL, et al.Intestinal absorption of magnesium from food and supplements. J Clin Invest1991;88:396. CrossRef

307. KayneLH, LeeDB. Intestinal magnesium absorption. Miner Electrolyte Metab1993;19:210.

308. ZalogaGP, RobertsP. Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium disorders. In: AyresS, GrenvikNA, HolbrookPR, et al. (eds). Textbook of Critical Care, 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2000: 905.

309. WhangR. Magnesium deficiency: pathogenesis, prevalence, and clinical implications. Am J Med1987;82:24. CrossRef

310. WongET, RudeRK, SingerFR, et al.A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Pathol1983;79:348.

311. WhangR, RyderKW. Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Requested vs routine. JAMA1990;263:3063. CrossRef

312. RubeizGJ, Thill‐BaharozianM, HardieD, et al.Association of hypomagnesemia and mortality in acutely ill medical patients. Crit Care Med1993;21:203. CrossRef

313. EnglandMR, GordonG, SalemM, et al.Magnesium administration and dysrhythmias after cardiac surgery. A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized trial. JAMA1992;268:2395. CrossRef

314. RyzenE, WagersPW, SingerFR, et al.Magnesium deficiency in a medical ICU population. Crit Care Med1985;13:19. CrossRef

315. RudeRK. Magnesium metabolism and deficiency. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am1993;22:377.

316. WilsonRB, ErskineC, CrowePJ. Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy: prospective study. World J Surg2000;24:722. CrossRef

317. KatayamaK, PovalkoN, YatsugaS, et al.New TRPM6 mutation and management of hypomagnesaemia with secondary hypocalcaemia. Brain Dev2015;37:292. CrossRef

318. OsterJR, EpsteinM. Management of magnesium depletion. Am J Nephrol1988;8:349. CrossRef

319. SacksGS, BrownRO, DickersonRN, et al.Mononuclear blood cell magnesium content and serum magnesium concentration in critically ill hypomagnesemic patients after replacement therapy. Nutrition1997;13:303.

320. DickersonRN, BrownRO. Hypomagnesemia in hospitalized patients receiving nutritional support. Heart Lung1985;14:561.

321. LookerAC, DallmanPR, CarrollMD, et al.Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States. JAMA1997;277:973. CrossRef

322. BrittenhamGM. Disorders of iron metabolism: iron deficiency and overload. In: HoffmanR, BenzEJ, ShattilSJ, et al. (eds). Hematology Basic Principles and Practice, 4th edn. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 2005: 481.

323. BeutlerE. Disorders of iron metabolism. In: LichtmanMA, BeutlerE, KippsTJ, et al. (eds). Williams Hematology, 7th edn. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2006: 511.

324. WorwoodM. An overview of iron metabolism at a molecular level. J Intern Med1989;226:381. CrossRef

325. ArosioP, LeviS. Cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins in the regulation of cellular iron homeostasis and oxidative damage. Biochim Biophys Acta2010;1800:783. CrossRef

326. HintzeKJ, TheilEC. DNA and mRNA elements with complementary responses to hemin, antioxidant inducers, and iron control ferritin‐L expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2005;102:15048. CrossRef

327. TortiFM, TortiSV. Regulation of ferritin genes and protein. Blood2002;99:3505. CrossRef

328. PonkaP, BeaumontC, RichardsonDR. Function and regulation of transferrin and ferritin. Semin Hematol1998;35:35.

329. Canonne‐HergauxF, GruenheidS, PonkaP, et al.Cellular and subcellular localization of the Nramp2 iron transporter in the intestinal brush border and regulation by dietary iron. Blood1999;93:4406.

330. MastrogiannakiM, MatakP, KeithB, et al.HIF‐2alpha, but not HIF‐1alpha, promotes iron absorption in mice. J Clin Invest2009;119:1159. CrossRef

331. AbboudS, HaileDJ. A novel mammalian iron‐regulated protein involved in intracellular iron metabolism. J Biol Chem2000;275:19906. CrossRef

332. BastinJ, DrakesmithH, ReesM, et al.Localisation of proteins of iron metabolism in the human placenta and liver. Br J Haematol2006;134:532. CrossRef

333. DonovanA, LimaCA, PinkusJL, et al.The iron exporter ferroportin/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis. Cell Metab2005;1:191. CrossRef

334. VulpeCD, KuoYM, MurphyTL, et al.Hephaestin, a ceruloplasmin homologue implicated in intestinal iron transport, is defective in the sla mouse. Nat Genet1999;21:195. CrossRef

335. WallaceDF, SummervilleL, CramptonEM, et al.Combined deletion of Hfe and transferrin receptor 2 in mice leads to marked dysregulation of hepcidin and iron overload. Hepatology2009;50:1992. CrossRef

336. PapanikolaouG, SamuelsME, LudwigEH, et al.Mutations in HFE2 cause iron overload in chromosome 1q‐linked juvenile hemochromatosis. Nat Genet2004;36:77. CrossRef

337. NemethE, ValoreEV, TerritoM, et al.Hepcidin, a putative mediator of anemia of inflammation, is a type II acute‐phase protein. Blood2003;101:2461. CrossRef

338. NicolasG, BennounM, DevauxI, et al.Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2001;98:8780. CrossRef

339. GanzT. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. Blood2003;102:783. CrossRef

340. MaisettaG, PetruzzelliR, BrancatisanoFL, et al.Antimicrobial activity of human hepcidin 20 and 25 against clinically relevant bacterial strains: effect of copper and acidic pH. Peptides2010;31:1995. CrossRef

341. AndriopoulosBJr, CorradiniE, XiaY, et al.BMP6 is a key endogenous regulator of hepcidin expression and iron metabolism. Nat Genet2009;41:482. CrossRef

342. ShayeghiM, Latunde‐DadaGO, OakhillJS, et al.Identification of an intestinal heme transporter. Cell2005;122:789. CrossRef

343. WoodRJ, RonnenbergAG. Iron. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 248.

344. MladenkaP, SimunekT, HublM, et al.The role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in cellular iron metabolism. Free Radic Res2006;40:263. CrossRef

345. WatsonWC, LukeRG, InallJA. Beeturia: its incidence and a clue to its mechanism. Br Med J1963;2:971. CrossRef

346. WattsAR, LennardMS, MasonSL, et al.Beeturia and the biological fate of beetroot pigments. Pharmacogenetics1993;3:302. CrossRef

347. EastwoodMA, NyhlinH. Beeturia and colonic oxalic acid. QJM1995;88:711.

348. BronsteinAC, SpykerDA, CantilenaLR, et al.2010 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers′ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila)2011;49:910. CrossRef

349. PrasadAS. Clinical, endocrinological and biochemical effects of zinc deficiency. Clin Endocrinol Metab1985;14:567. CrossRef

350. PrasadAS. Clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr1985;5:341. CrossRef

351. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

352. SandsteadHH. Understanding zinc: recent observations and interpretations. J Lab Clin Med1994;124:322.

353. CousinsRJ. Zinc. In: ZieglerEE, FilerLJ(eds). Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, DC: ILSI Press, 1996: 293.

354. PrelackK, SheridanRL. Micronutrient supplementation in the critically ill patient: strategies for clinical practice. J Trauma2001;51:601. CrossRef

355. SandstromB, ArvidssonB, CederbladA, et al.Zinc absorption from composite meals. I. The significance of whest extraction rate, zinc, calcium, and protein content in meals based on bread. Am J Clin Nutr1980;33:739.

356. DibleyMJ. Zinc. In: BowmanBA, RussellRM(eds). Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8th edn. Washington, DC: ILSI Press, 2001: 329.

357. EideDJ. Zinc transporters and the cellular trafficking of zinc. Biochim Biophys Acta2006;1763:711. CrossRef

358. HeimburgerDC, McLarenD, ShilsM. Clinical Manifestations of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities: a resume. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 595.

359. PrasadAS. Zinc deficiency: its characterization and treatment. Met Ions Biol Syst2004;41:103.

360. ChristianP, WestKPJr. Interactions between zinc and vitamin A: an update. Am J Clin Nutr1998;68(2 Suppl):435s.

361. Van LoanMD, SutherlandB, LoweNM, et al.The effects of zinc depletion on peak force and total work of knee and shoulder extensor and flexor muscles. Int J Sport Nutr1999;9:125.

362. GrungreiffK, ReinholdD. Liver cirrhosis and "liver" diabetes mellitus are linked by zinc deficiency. Med Hypotheses2005;64:316. CrossRef

363. SongY, WangJ, LiXK, et al.Zinc and the diabetic heart. Biometals2005;18:325. CrossRef

364. WaniNA, HamidA, KaurJ. Folate status in various pathophysiological conditions. IUBMB Life2008;60:834. CrossRef

365. ZoldE, SzodorayP, GaalJ, et al.Vitamin D deficiency in undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Arthritis Res Ther2008;10:R123. CrossRef

366. KuryS, DrenoB, BezieauS, et al.Identification of SLC39A4, a gene involved in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Nat Genet2002;31:239. CrossRef

367. WangK, PughEW, GriffenS, et al.Homozygosity mapping places the acrodermatitis enteropathica gene on chromosomal region 8q24.3. Am J Hum Genet2001;68:1055. CrossRef

368. PenaMM, LeeJ, ThieleDJ. A delicate balance: homeostatic control of copper uptake and distribution. J Nutr1999;129:1251.

369. CamakarisJ, PetrisMJ, BaileyL, et al.Gene amplification of the Menkes (MNK; ATP7A) P‐type ATPase gene of CHO cells is associated with copper resistance and enhanced copper efflux. Hum Mol Genet1995;4:2117. CrossRef

370. RaviaJJ, StephenRM, GhishanFK, et al.Menkes Copper ATPase (Atp7a) is a novel metal‐responsive gene in rat duodenum, and immunoreactive protein is present on brush‐border and basolateral membrane domains. J Biol Chem2005;280:36221. CrossRef

371. FanniD, PilloniL, OrruS, et al.Expression of ATP7B in normal human liver. Eur J Histochem2005;49:371. CrossRef

372. WapnirRA. Copper absorption and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr1998;67(5 Suppl):1054S.

373. MasonKE. A conspectus of research on copper metabolism and requirements of man. J Nutr1979;109:1979.

374. TurnlundJR. Copper. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 286.

375. ProhaskaJR. Biochemical functions of copper in animals. In: PrasadAS(ed). Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease. New York, NY: Alan R Liss, 1988: 105.

376. DanksDM. Copper deficiency in humans. Annu Rev Nutr1988;8:235. CrossRef

377. McDonaldC. Copper nutriture and cholestasis: dosing issues in pediatric parenteral nutrition. Support Line2003;25:13.

378. WilliamsDM. Copper deficiency in humans. Semin Hematol1983;20:118.

379. BeshgetoorD, HambidgeM. Clinical conditions altering copper metabolism in humans. Am J Clin Nutr1998;67(5 Suppl):1017s.

380. JohnsonMA, KaysSE. Copper: its role in human nutrition. Nutr Today1990;25:6. CrossRef

381. ProdanCI, HollandNR, WisdomPJ, et al.CNS demyelination associated with copper deficiency and hyperzincemia. Neurology2002;59:1453. CrossRef

382. KumarN, GrossJBJr, AhlskogJE. Copper deficiency myelopathy produces a clinical picture like subacute combined degeneration. Neurology2004;63:33. CrossRef

383. RowinJ, LewisSL. Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy and pancytopenia secondary to overuse of zinc supplementation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2005;76:750. CrossRef

384. TrocelloJM, HinfrayS, SandaN, et al.An unrecognized cause of myelopathy associated with copper deficiency: the use of denture cream]. Rev Neurol (Paris)2011;167:537. CrossRef

385. GreenbergSA, BriembergHR. A neurological and hematological syndrome associated with zinc excess and copper deficiency. J Neurol2004;251:111. CrossRef

386. KumarN, CrumB, PetersenRC, et al.Copper deficiency myelopathy. Arch Neurol2004;61:762. CrossRef

387. SchleperB, StuerenburgHJ. Copper deficiency‐associated myelopathy in a 46‐year‐old woman. J Neurol2001;248:705. CrossRef

388. PetrukhinK, LutsenkoS, ChernovI, et al.Characterization of the Wilson disease gene encoding a P‐type copper transporting ATPase: genomic organization, alternative splicing, and structure/function predictions. Hum Mol Genet1994;3:1647. CrossRef

389. HarrisED. Cellular copper transport and metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr2000;20:291. CrossRef

390. ScheinbergIH, SternliebI. Wilson disease and idiopathic copper toxicosis. Am J Clin Nutr1996;63:842s.

391. SchwarzK, MertzW. A glucose tolerance factor and its differentiation from factor 3. Arch Biochem Biophys1957;72:515. CrossRef

392. OffenbacherEG, Pi‐SunyerFX, StoeckerBJ. Chromium. In: O'DellBL, SundeR(eds). Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 1997: 389.

393. StoeckerBJ. Chromium. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 10th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 332.

394. VincentJB, HatfieldM. The nutritional biochemistry of chromium: roles for transferrin and chromodulin. Nutr Abstr Rev2004;74:15N.

395. VincentJB. Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium. Proc Nutr Soc2004;63:41. CrossRef

396. MertzW. Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems. Physiol Rev1969;49:163.

397. JeejeebhoyKN, ChuRC, MarlissEB, et al.Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long‐term total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr1977;30:531.

398. KamathSM, StoeckerBJ, Davis‐WhitenackML, et al.Absorption, retention and urinary excretion of chromium‐51 in rats pretreated with indomethacin and dosed with dimethylprostaglandin E2, misoprostol or prostacyclin. J Nutr1997;127:478.

399. OffenbacherEG, SpencerH, DowlingHJ, et al.Metabolic chromium balances in men. Am J Clin Nutr1986;44:77.

400. MorrisBW, MacNeilS, HardistyCA, et al.Chromium homeostasis in patients with type II (NIDDM) diabetes. J Trace Elem Med Biol1999;13:57. CrossRef

401. JeejeebhoyKN. The role of chromium in nutrition and therapeutics and as a potential toxin. Nutr Rev1999;57:329. CrossRef

402. CefaluWT, HuFB. Role of chromium in human health and in diabetes. Diabetes Care2004;27:2741. CrossRef

403. BalkEM, TatsioniA, LichtensteinAH, et al.Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care2007;30:2154. CrossRef

404. LukaskiHC, BolonchukWW, SidersWA, et al.Chromium supplementation and resistance training: effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men. Am J Clin Nutr1996;63:954.

405. HathcockJN. Safety limits for nutrients. J Nutr1996;126(9 Suppl):2386s.

406. LukaskiHC. Chromium as a supplement. Annu Rev Nutr1999;19:279. CrossRef

407. MartinWR, FullerRE. Suspected chromium picolinate‐induced rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacotherapy1998;18:860.

408. CerulliJ, GrabeDW, GauthierI, et al.Chromium picolinate toxicity. Ann Pharmacother1998;32:428. CrossRef

409. WasserWG, FeldmanNS, D′AgatiVD. Chronic renal failure after ingestion of over‐the‐counter chromium picolinate. Ann Intern Med1997;126:410. CrossRef

410. VincentJB. The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Sports Med2003;33:213. CrossRef

411. GadSC. Acute and chronic systemic chromium toxicity. Sci Total Environ1989;86:149. CrossRef

412. StearnsDM, WetterhahnKE. Reaction of chromium(VI) with ascorbate produces chromium(V), chromium(IV), and carbon‐based radicals. Chem Res Toxicol1994;7:219. CrossRef

413. SundeRA. Selenium. In: RossAC, CaballeroB, CousinsRJ, et al. (eds). Modern Nutrition in Helath and Disease, 11th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2012: 225.

414. BurkRF, LevanderO. Selenium. In: ShilsME, ShikeM, RossAC, et al. (eds). 10th edn.Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 312.

415. KlotzLO, KronckeKD, BuchczykDP, et al.Role of copper, zinc, selenium and tellurium in the cellular defense against oxidative and nitrosative stress. J Nutr2003;133(5 Suppl 1):1448s.

416. TapieroH, TownsendDM, TewKD. The antioxidant role of selenium and seleno‐compounds. Biomed Pharmacother2003;57:134. CrossRef

417. RaymanMP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet2000;356:233. CrossRef

418. HawkesWC, HornbostelL. Effects of dietary selenium on mood in healthy men living in a metabolic research unit. Biol Psychiatry1996;39:121. CrossRef

419. SappeyC, Legrand‐PoelsS, Best‐BelpommeM, et al.Stimulation of glutathione peroxidase activity decreases HIV type 1 activation after oxidative stress. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses1994;10:1451. CrossRef

420. TaylorEW, NadimpalliRG, RamanathanCS. Genomic structures of viral agents in relation to the biosynthesis of selenoproteins. Biol Trace Elem Res1997;56:63. CrossRef

421. IshidaT, HimenoK, TorigoeY, et al.Selenium deficiency in a patient with Crohn's disease receiving long‐term total parenteral nutrition. Intern Med2003;42:154. CrossRef

422. Observations on effect of sodium selenite in prevention of Keshan disease. Chin Med J (Engl)1979;92:471.

423. YangGQ, WangSZ, ZhouRH, et al.Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Am J Clin Nutr1983;37:872.

424. SitrinMD. Absorption of water‐soluble vitamins and minerals. In: ChangEB, SitrinMD, BlackDD(eds). Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Nutritional Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott‐Raven Publishers, 1996: 3.