Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology

Sixth Edition

Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky,
Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz,
Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang

References

Eosinophilic esophagitis

1. LiacourasCA, FurutaGT, HiranoI, et al.Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol2011;128:3, quiz 21. CrossRef

2. FoxVL, NurkoS, FurutaGT. Eosinophilic esophagitis: it's not just kid's stuff. Gastrointest Endosc2002;56:260. CrossRef

3. RothenbergME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). J Allergy Clin Immunol2004;113:11. CrossRef

4. GuajardoJR, PlotnickLM, FendeJM, et al.Eosinophil‐associated gastrointestinal disorders: a world‐wide‐web based registry. J Pediatr2002;141:576. CrossRef

5. NoelRJ, PutnamPE, RothenbergME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med2004;351:940. CrossRef

6. BlanchardC, WangN, StringerKF, et al.Eotaxin‐3 and a uniquely conserved gene‐expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Invest2006;116:536. CrossRef

7. SpergelJM, BeausoleilJL, MascarenhasM, et al.The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2002;109:363. CrossRef

8. KellyKJ, LazenbyAJ, RowePC, et al.Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid‐based formula. Gastroenterology1995;109:1503. CrossRef

9. WalshSV, AntonioliDA, GoldmanH, et al.Allergic esophagitis in children: a clinicopathological entity. Am J Surg Pathol1999;23:390. CrossRef

10. SampsonHA. Food allergy. Part 2: diagnosis and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol1999;103:981. CrossRef

11. SampsonHA. Food allergy. Part 1: immunopathogenesis and clinical disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol1999;103:717. CrossRef

12. BischoffS, CroweSE. Gastrointestinal food allergy: new insights into pathophysiology and clinical perspectives. Gastroenterology2005;128:1089. CrossRef

13. LuTX, SherrillJD, WenT, et al.MicroRNA signature in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, reversibility with glucocorticoids, and assessment as disease biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol2012;129:1064. CrossRef

14. CroeseJ, FairleySK, MassonJW, et al.Clinical and endoscopic features of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Gastrointest Endosc2003;58:516. CrossRef

15. CuryEK, SchraibmanV, FaintuchS. Eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus: gastroesophageal reflux versus eosinophilic esophagitis in children – discussion on daily practice. J Pediatr Surg2004;39:e4. CrossRef

16. AttwoodSE, SmyrkTC, DemeesterTR, et al.Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome. Dig Dis Sci1993;38:109. CrossRef

17. CantuP, VelioP, PradaA, et al. Ringed oesophagus and idiopathic eosinophilic oesophagitis in adults: an association in two cases. Dig Liver Dis2005;37:129. CrossRef

18. ShitritAB, ReinusC, ZeidesS, et al.Eosinophilic esophagitis. Isr Med Assoc J2006;8:587.

19. FujiwaraH, MoritaA, KobayashiH, et al.Infiltrating eosinophils and eotaxin: their association with idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol2002;89:429. CrossRef

20. MunitizV, Martinez de HaroLF, OrtizA, et al.Primary eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus2003;16:165. CrossRef

21. StraumannA, SimonHU. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract. Allergy2004;59:15. CrossRef

22. LiacourasCA, WennerWJ, BrownK, et al.Primary eosinophilic esophagitis in children: successful treatment with oral corticosteroids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1998;26:380. CrossRef

23. FurutaGT. Eosinophils in the esophagus: acid is not the only cause. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1998;26:468. CrossRef

24. BlanchardC, WangN, RothenbergME. Eosinophilic esophagitis: pathogenesis, genetics, and therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol2006;118:1054. CrossRef

25. FurutaGT, LiacourasCA, CollinsMH, et al.Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology2007;133:1342. CrossRef

26. FranciosiJP, FiorinoK, RuchelliE, et al. Changing indications for upper endoscopy in children during a 20‐year period. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2010;51:443. CrossRef

27. DeBrosseCW, CollinsMH, Buckmeier ButzBK, et al.Identification, epidemiology, and chronicity of pediatric esophageal eosinophilia, 1982–1999. J Allergy Clin Immunol2010;126:112. CrossRef

28. SpergelJM, Brown‐WhitehornTF, BeausoleilJL, et al.14 years of eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical features and prognosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2009;48:30. CrossRef

29. VeerappanGR, PerryJL, DuncanTJ, et al.Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in an adult population undergoing upper endoscopy: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;7:420, 426 e1. CrossRef

30. AcevesSS, NewburyRO, DohilMA, et al.A symptom scoring tool for identifying pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and correlating symptoms with inflammation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol2009;103:401. CrossRef

31. YuC, CantorAB, YangH, et al.Targeted deletion of a high‐affinity GATA‐binding site in the GATA‐1 promoter leads to selective loss of the eosinophil lineage in vivo. J Exp Med2002;195:1387. CrossRef

32. RothenbergME. Eosinophilia. N Engl J Med1998;338:1592. CrossRef

33. GleichGJ, FrigasE, LoegeringDA, et al.Cytotoxic properties of the eosinophil major basic protein. J Immunol1979;123:2925.

34. GleichGJ, AdolphsonCR. The eosinophilic leukocyte: structure and function. Adv Immunol1986;39:177. CrossRef

35. KonikoffMR, BlanchardC, KirbyC, et al.Potential of blood eosinophils, eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin, and eotaxin‐3 as biomarkers of eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2006;4:1328. CrossRef

36. YousefiS, GoldJA, AndinaN, et al.Catapult‐like release of mitochondrial DNA by eosinophils contributes to antibacterial defense. Nat Med2008;14:949. CrossRef

37. OyaizuN, UemuraY, IzumiH, et al.Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: immunohistochemical evidence for IgE mast cell‐mediated allergy. Acta Pathol Jpn1985;35:759.

38. BischoffSC. Mucosal allergy: role of mast cells and eosinophil granulocytes in the gut. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol1996;10:443. CrossRef

39. CaldwellJH, SharmaHM, HurtubisePE, et al.Eosinophil gastroenteritis in extreme allergy: Immunopathological comparison with nonallergic gastrointestinal disease. Gastroenterology1979;77:560.

40. CaldwellJH, TennerbaumJI, BronsteinHA. Serum IgE to eosinophilic gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med1975;292:1388. CrossRef

41. CelloJP. Eosinophil gastroenteritis: a complex disease entity. Am J Med1979;67:1097. CrossRef

42. ScudamoreHH, PhillipsSF, SwedlundHA, et al.Food allergy manifested by eosinophilia, elevated immunoglobulin E level, and protein‐losing enteropathy: the syndrome of allergic gastroenteropathy. J Allergy Clin Immunol1982;70:129. CrossRef

43. FurutaGT, AckermanSJ, WershilBK. The role of the eosinophil in gastrointestinal diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol1995;11:541. CrossRef

44. IaconoG, CarroccioA, CavataioF, et al.Gastroesophageal reflux and cows milk allergy in infants: a prospective study. J Allergy Clin Immunol1996;97:822. CrossRef

45. SampsonHA. Food Allergy. JAMA1997;278:1888. CrossRef

46. GonsalvesN, YangGY, DoerflerB, et al.Elimination diet effectively treats eosinophilic esophagitis in adults; food reintroduction identifies causative factors. Gastroenterology2012;142:1451. CrossRef

47. MishraA, WeaverTE, BeckDC, et al.Interleukin‐5‐mediated allergic airways inflammation inhibits surfactant protein C promoter in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem2001;276:8453. CrossRef

48. MishraA, RothenbergME. Intratracheal IL‐13 induces eosinophilic esophagitis by an IL‐5, eotaxin‐1, and STAT6‐dependent mechanism. Gastroenterology2003;125:1419. CrossRef

49. ZuoL, FulkersonPC, FinkelmanFD, et al.IL‐13 induces esophageal remodeling and gene expression by an eosinophil‐independent, IL‐13R alpha2‐inhibited pathway. J Immunol2010;185:660. CrossRef

50. OnbasiK, SinAZ, DoganavsargilB, et al.Eosinophil infiltration of the oesophageal mucosa in patients with pollen allergy during the season. Clin Exp Allergy2005;35:1423. CrossRef

51. AcevesSS, ChenD, NewburyRO, et al.Mast cells infiltrate the esophageal smooth muscle in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, express TGF‐beta1, and increase esophageal smooth muscle contraction. J Allergy Clin Immunol2010;126:1198. CrossRef

52. Garcia‐ZepedaEA, RothenbergME, OwnbeyRT, et al.Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia. Nat Med1996;2:449. CrossRef

53. FurutaGT, ShermanP. Eotaxin and eosinophilic homing to the gut. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2000;30:229.

54. BlanchardC, StuckeEM, Rodriguez‐JimenezB, et al.A striking local esophageal cytokine expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2011;127:208, 217.e1. CrossRef

55. RothenbergME, SpergelJM, SherrillJD, et al.Common variants at 5q22 associate with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Nat Genet2010;42:289. CrossRef

56. SherrillJD, GaoPS, StuckeEM, et al.Variants of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and its receptor associate with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2010;126:160. CrossRef

57. AboniaJP, RothenbergME. Eosinophilic esophagitis: rapidly advancing insights. Annu Rev Med2012;63:421. CrossRef

58. CollinsMH, BlanchardC, AboniaJP, et al.Clinical, pathologic, and molecular characterization of familial eosinophilic esophagitis compared with sporadic cases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2008;6:621. CrossRef

59. RothenbergME, MishraA, CollinsMH, et al.Pathogenesis and clinical features of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2001;108:891. CrossRef

60. SpergelJM, RothenbergME, CollinsMH, et al.Reslizumab in children and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis: results of a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol2012;129:456, 463 e1‐3. CrossRef

61. AcevesSS, NewburyRO, DohilR, et al.Esophageal remodeling in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2007;119:206. CrossRef

62. PrasadGA, TalleyNJ, RomeroY, et al.Prevalence and predictive factors of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients presenting with dysphagia: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol2007;102:2627. CrossRef

63. DesaiTK, StecevicV, ChangCH, et al.Association of eosinophilic inflammation with esophageal food impaction in adults. Gastrointest Endosc2005;61:795. CrossRef

64. SpergelJM, AndrewsT, Brown‐WhitehornTF, et al.Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with specific food elimination diet directed by a combination of skin prick and patch tests. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol2005;95:336. CrossRef

65. PashaSF, DiBaiseJK, KimHJ, et al.Patient characteristics, clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings in adult eosinophilic esophagitis: a case series and systematic review of the medical literature. Dis Esophagus2007;20:311. CrossRef

66. RuchelliE, WennerW, VoytekT, et al.Severity of esophageal eosinophilia predicts response to conventional gastroesophageal reflux therapy. Pediatr Dev Pathol1999;2:15. CrossRef

67. KirschR, BokharyR, MarconMA, et al.Activated mucosal mast cells differentiate eosinophilic (allergic) esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2007;44:20. CrossRef

68. ProtheroeC, WoodruffSA, de PetrisG, et al.A novel histological scoring system to evaluate mucosal biopsies from patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;7:749. CrossRef

69. VicarioM, BlanchardC, StringerKF, et al.Local B cells and IgE production in the oesophageal mucosa in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut2010;59:12. CrossRef

70. Molina‐InfanteJ, KatzkaDA, GisbertJP. Review article: proton pump inhibitor therapy for suspected eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2013;37:1157. CrossRef

71. RodrigoS, AbboudG, OhD, et al.High intraepithelial eosinophil counts in esophageal squamous epithelium are not specific for eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol2008;103:435. CrossRef

72. Molina‐InfanteJ, Ferrando‐LamanaL, RipollC, et al.Esophageal eosinophilic infiltration responds to proton pump inhibition in most adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2011;9:110. CrossRef

73. KrarupAL, VilladsenGE, MejlgaardE, et al.Acid hypersensitivity in patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. Scand J Gastroenterol2010;45:273. CrossRef

74. PetersonKA, ThomasKL, HildenK, et al.Comparison of esomeprazole to aerosolized, swallowed fluticasone for eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci2010;55:1313. CrossRef

75. KedikaRR, SouzaRF, SpechlerSJ. Potential anti‐inflammatory effects of proton pump inhibitors: a review and discussion of the clinical implications. Dig Dis Sci2009;54:2312. CrossRef

76. MurphyDW, YuanY, CastellDO. Does the intraesophageal pH probe accurately detect acid reflux? Simultaneous recording with two pH probes in humans. Dig Dis Sci1989;34:649. CrossRef

77. ChengE, ZhangX, HuoX, et al.Omeprazole blocks eotaxin‐3 expression by oesophageal squamous cells from patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis and GORD. Gut2013;62:824. CrossRef

78. RomanS, HiranoI, KwiatekMA, et al.Manometric features of eosinophilic esophagitis in esophageal pressure topography. Neurogastroenterol Motil2011;23:208. CrossRef

79. KwiatekMA, HiranoI, KahrilasPJ, et al.Mechanical properties of the esophagus in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology2011;140:82. CrossRef

80. NicodèmeF, HiranoI, ChenJ, et al.Esophageal distensibility as a measure of disease severity in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2013;11:1101. CrossRef

81. FranciosiJP, HommelKA, DeBrosseCW, et al.Quality of life in paediatric eosinophilic oesophagitis: what is important to patients?Child Care Health Dev2011;38:477. CrossRef

82. MarkowitzJE, SpergelJM, RuchelliE, et al.Elemental diet is an effective treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adolescents. Am J Gastroenterol2003;98:777. CrossRef

83. KagalwallaAF, SentongoTA, RitzS, et al.Effect of six‐food elimination diet on clinical and histologic outcomes in eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2006;4:1097. CrossRef

84. HendersonCJ, AboniaJP, KingEC, et al.Comparative dietary therapy effectiveness in remission of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2012;129:1570. CrossRef

85. SpergelJM, Brown‐WhitehornTF, CianferoniA, et al.Identification of causative foods in children with eosinophilic esophagitis treated with an elimination diet. J Allergy Clin Immunol2012;130:461. CrossRef

86. KonikoffMR, NoelRJ, BlanchardC, et al.A randomized double‐blind‐placebo controlled trial of fluticasone proprionate for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology2006;131:1381. CrossRef

87. StraumannA, ConusS, DegenL, et al.Budesonide is effective in adolescent and adult patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology2010;139:1526–1537e1. CrossRef

88. DohilR, NewburyR, FoxL, et al.Oral viscous budesonide is effective in children with eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Gastroenterology2010;139:418. CrossRef

89. AroraAS, PerraultJ, SmyrkTC. Topical corticosteroid treatment of dysphagia due to eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Mayo Clin Proc2003;78:830. CrossRef

90. KlinnertMD. Psychological impact of eosinophilic esophagitis on children and families. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am2009;29:99. CrossRef

91. FaubionWAJr, PerraultJ, BurgartLJ, et al.Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with inhaled corticosteroids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1998;27:90. CrossRef

92. AcevesSS, DohilR, NewburyRO, et al.Topical viscous budesonide suspension for treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2005;116:705. CrossRef

93. GroveA, AllamC, McFarlaneLC, et al.A comparison of the systemic bioactivity of inhaled budesonide and fluticasone propionate in normal subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol1994;38:527. CrossRef

94. TeitelbaumJE, FoxVL, TwarogFJ, et al.Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: immunopathological analysis and response to fluticasone propionate. Gastroenterology2002;122:1216. CrossRef

95. SandersonCJ. Interleukin‐5, eosinophils, and disease. Blood1992;79:3101.

96. CollinsPD, MarleauS, Griffiths‐JohnsonDA, et al.Cooperation between interleukin‐5 and the chemokine eotaxin to induce eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J Exp Med1995;182:1169. CrossRef

97. RothenbergME, PetersenJ, StevensRL, et al.IL‐5‐dependent conversion of normodense human eosinophils to the hypodense phenotype uses 3T3 fibroblasts for enhanced viability, accelerated hypodensity, and sustained antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity. J Immunol1989;143:2311.

98. HamelmannE, CieslewiczG, SchwarzeJ, et al. Anti‐interleukin 5 but not anti‐IgE prevents airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1999;160:934. CrossRef

99. StraumannA, ConusS, GrzonkaP, et al.Anti‐interleukin‐5 antibody treatment (mepolizumab) in active eosinophilic oesophagitis: a randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial. Gut2010;59:21. CrossRef

100. SteinML, CollinsMH, VillanuevaJM, et al.Anti‐IL‐5 (mepolizumab) therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2006;118:1312. CrossRef

101. ZimmermannN, HersheyGK, FosterPS, et al.Chemokines in asthma: cooperative interaction between chemokines and IL‐13. J Allergy Clin Immunol2003;111:227, quiz 243. CrossRef

102. ZhuZ, ZhengT, HomerRJ, et al.Acidic mammalian chitinase in asthmatic Th2 inflammation and IL‐13 pathway activation. Science2004;304:1678. CrossRef

103. PopeSM, FulkersonPC, BlanchardC, et al.Identification of a cooperative mechanism involving interleukin‐13 and eotaxin‐2 in experimental allergic lung inflammation. J Biol Chem2005;280:13952. CrossRef

104. BlanchardC, MinglerMK, VicarioM, et al.IL‐13 involvement in eosinophilic esophagitis: transcriptome analysis and reversibilty with glucocorticoids. J Allergy Clin Immunol2007;120:204. CrossRef

105. CorrenJ, LemanskeRF, HananiaNA, et al.Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med2011;365:1088. CrossRef

106. HersheyGK. IL‐13 receptors and signaling pathways: an evolving web. J Allergy Clin Immunol2003;111:677, quiz 691. CrossRef

107. UrbanJF, Noben‐TrauthN, DonaldsonDD, et al.IL‐13, IL‐4Ralpha, and Stat6 are required for the expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Immunity1998;8:255. CrossRef

108. KweonM, YamamotoM, KajikiM, et al.Systemically derived large intestinal CD4+ Th2 cells play a central role in STAT‐6‐mediated allergic diarrhea. J Clin Invest2000;106:199. CrossRef

109. MatsukuraS, StellatoC, PlittJR, et al.Activation of eotaxin gene transcription by NF‐kappaB and STAT6 in human airway epithelial cells. J Immunol1999;163:6876.

110. ZimmermannN, HoganSP, MishraA, et al.Murine eotaxin‐2: a constitutive eosinophil chemokine induced by allergen challenge and IL‐4 overexpression. J Immunol2000;165:5839. CrossRef

111. MatsukuraS, StellatoC, GeorasSN, et al.Interleukin‐13 upregulates eotaxin expression in airway epithelial cells by a STAT6‐dependent mechanism. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol2001;24:755. CrossRef

112. HoeckJ, WoisetschlagerM. STAT6 mediates eotaxin‐1 expression in IL‐4 or TNF‐alpha‐induced fibroblasts. J Immunol2001;166:4507. CrossRef

113. BlanchardC, DurualS, EstienneM, et al.Eotaxin‐3/CCL26 gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells is up‐regulated by interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐13 via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. Int J Biochem Cell Biol2005;37:2559. CrossRef

114. RothenbergME, MishraA, BrandtEB, et al.Gastrointestinal eosinophils. Immunol Rev2001;179:139. CrossRef

115. RothenbergME, HoganSP. The eosinophil. Annu Rev Immunol2006;24:147. CrossRef

116. BhardwajN, GhaffariG. Biomarkers for eosinophilic esophagitis: a review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol2012;109:155. CrossRef

117. PereiraS, ClarkT, DarbyY, et al.Effects of anti‐eotaxin monoclonal antibody CAT‐213 on allergen‐induced rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2003;111:S268. CrossRef

118. De LuccaGV, KimUT, VargoBJ, et al.Discovery of CC chemokine receptor‐3 (CCR3) antagonists with picomolar potency. J Med Chem2005;48:2194. CrossRef

119. SalibR, SalageanM, LauL, et al.The anti‐inflammatory response of anti‐eotaxin monoclonal antibody CAT‐213 on nasal allergen‐induced cell infiltration and activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol2003;111:S347. CrossRef

120. DentG, HadjicharalambousC, YoshikawaT, et al.Contribution of eotaxin‐1 to eosinophil chemotactic activity of moderate and severe asthmatic sputum. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2004;169:1110. CrossRef

121. FulkersonPC, RothenbergME. Targeting eosinophils in allergy, inflammation and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov2013;12:117. CrossRef

122. HiraiH, TanakaK, YoshieO, et al.Prostaglandin D2 selectively induces chemotaxis in T helper type 2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils via seven‐transmembrane receptor CRTH2. J Exp Med2001;193:255. CrossRef

123. NagataK, TanakaK, OgawaK, et al.Selective expression of a novel surface molecule by human Th2 cells in vivo. J Immunol1999;162:1278.

124. SchuligoiR, SturmE, LuschnigP, et al.CRTH2 and D‐type prostanoid receptor antagonists as novel therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases. Pharmacology2010;85:372. CrossRef

125. BarnesN, PavordI, ChuchalinA, et al.A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of the CRTH2 antagonist OC000459 in moderate persistent asthma. Clin Exp Allergy2012;42:38. CrossRef

126. GreenRH, BrightlingCE, McKennaS, et al.Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet2002;360:1715. CrossRef

127. StraumannA. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis: diet, drugs, or dilation?Gastroenterology2012;142:1409. CrossRef

128. DeBrosseCW, FranciosiJP, KingEC, et al.Long‐term outcomes in pediatric‐onset esophageal eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol2011;128:132. CrossRef

129. DellonES, GibbsWB, FritchieKJ, et al.Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;7:1305, quiz 1261. CrossRef

130. GonsalvesN, Policarpio‐NicolasM, ZhangQ, et al.Histopathologic variability and endoscopic correlates in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc2006;64:313. CrossRef

131. PrasadGA, AlexanderJA, SchleckCD, et al.Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;7:1055. CrossRef

132. SchoepferAM, GonsalvesN, BussmannC, et al.Esophageal dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: effectiveness, safety, and impact on the underlying inflammation. Am J Gastroenterol2010;105:1062. CrossRef

133. LucendoAJ, De RezendeL. Endoscopic dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: a treatment strategy associated with a high risk of perforation. Endoscopy2007;39:376, author reply 377. CrossRef

134. DellonES, GibbsWB, RubinasTC, et al.Esophageal dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: safety and predictors of clinical response and complications. Gastrointest Endosc2010;71:706. CrossRef