Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology

Sixth Edition

Edited by Daniel K. Podolsky,
Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz,
Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang

References

Tumors of the small intestine

1. O'RiordanBG, VilorM, HerreraL. Small bowel tumors: an overview. Dig Dis1996;14:245. CrossRef

2. GillSS, HeumanDM, MihasAA. Small intestinal neoplasms. J Clin Gastroenterol2001;33:267. CrossRef

3. RiesLAG, HarkinsD, KrapchoM, et al.SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2003. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2006.

4. HowladerN, NooneA, KrapchoM, et al. (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2010. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. based on November 2012 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2013.

5. NeugutAI, JacobsonJS, SuhS, et al.The epidemiology of cancer of the small bowel. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev1998;7:243.

6. SchottenfeldD, Beebe‐DimmerJL, VigneauFD. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of neoplasia in the small intestine. Ann Epidemiol2009;19:58. CrossRef

7. BilimoriaKY, BentremDJ, WayneJD, et al.Small bowel cancer in the United States: changes in epidemiology, treatment, and survival over the last 20 years. Ann Surg2009;249:63. CrossRef

8. HaselkornT, WhittemoreAS, LilienfeldDE. Incidence of small bowel cancer in the United States and worldwide: geographic, temporal, and racial differences. Cancer Causes Control2005;16:781. CrossRef

9. SchottenfeldDFJ. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. CrossRef

10. RiesLAYJ, KeelGE, EisnerMP, et al.SEER survival monograph: cancer survival among adults: U.S. SEER Program, 1988–2001, patient and tumor characteristics. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2007.

11. SiegelR, NaishadhamD, JemalA. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin2012;62:10. CrossRef

12. HoweJR, KarnellLH, MenckHR, et al.The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel: review of the National Cancer Data Base, 1985–1995. Cancer1999;86:2693. CrossRef

13. SeversonRK, SchenkM, GurneyJG, et al.Increasing incidence of adenocarcinomas and carcinoid tumors of the small intestine in adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev1996;5:81.

14. ChowWH, LinetMS, McLaughlinJK, et al.Risk factors for small intestine cancer. Cancer Causes Control1993;4:163. CrossRef

15. ChenCC, NeugutAI, RotterdamH. Risk factors for adenocarcinomas and malignant carcinoids of the small intestine: preliminary findings. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev1994;3:205.

16. KaerlevL, TeglbjaergPS, SabroeS, et al.The importance of smoking and medical history for development of small bowel carcinoid tumor: a European population‐based case‐control study. Cancer Causes Control2002;13:27. CrossRef

17. CrossAJ, HollenbeckAR, ParkY. A large prospective study of risk factors for adenocarcinomas and malignant carcinoid tumors of the small intestine. Cancer Causes Control2013;24:1737. CrossRef

18. KoornstraJJ, KleibeukerJH, VasenHF. Small‐bowel cancer in Lynch syndrome: is it time for surveillance?Lancet Oncol2008;9:901. CrossRef

19. BermejoJL, EngC, HemminkiK. Cancer characteristics in Swedish families fulfilling criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology2005;129:1889. CrossRef

20. GiardielloFM, BrensingerJD, TersmetteAC, et al.Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome. Gastroenterology2000;119:1447. CrossRef

21. CarethersJM. Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: genetic pathways. Curr Opin Gastroenterol2002;18:60. CrossRef

22. JessT, WintherKV, MunkholmP, et al.Intestinal and extra‐intestinal cancer in Crohn's disease: follow‐up of a population‐based cohort in Copenhagen County, Denmark. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2004;19:287. CrossRef

23. Palascak‐JuifV, BouvierAM, CosnesJ, et al.Small bowel adenocarcinoma in patients with Crohn's disease compared with small bowel adenocarcinoma de novo. Inflamm Bowel Dis2005;11:828. CrossRef

24. RashidA, HamiltonSR. Genetic alterations in sporadic and Crohn's‐associated adenocarcinomas of the small intestine. Gastroenterology1997;113:127. CrossRef

25. MunkholmP, LangholzE, DavidsenM, et al.Intestinal cancer risk and mortality in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology1993;105:1716.

26. FeldsteinRC, SoodS, KatzS. Small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis2008;14:1154. CrossRef

27. LagergrenJ, YeW, EkbomA. Intestinal cancer after cholecystectomy: is bile involved in carcinogenesis?Gastroenterology2001;121:542. CrossRef

28. GreenPH, FleischauerAT, BhagatG, et al.Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease. Am J Med2003;115:191. CrossRef

29. YounesN, FultonN, TanakaR, et al.The presence of K‐12 ras mutations in duodenal adenocarcinomas and the absence of ras mutations in other small bowel adenocarcinomas and carcinoid tumors. Cancer1997;79:1804. CrossRef

30. AraiM, ShimizuS, ImaiY, et al.Mutations of the Ki‐ras, p53 and APC genes in adenocarcinomas of the human small intestine. Int J Cancer1997;70:390. CrossRef

31. OshimaM, DinchukJE, KargmanSL, et al.Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2). Cell1996;87:803. CrossRef

32. LollgenRM, HessmanO, SzaboE, et al.Chromosome 18 deletions are common events in classical midgut carcinoid tumors. Int J Cancer2001;92:812. CrossRef

33. KytolaS, HoogA, NordB, et al.Comparative genomic hybridization identifies loss of 18q22‐qter as an early and specific event in tumorigenesis of midgut carcinoids. Am J Pathol2001;158:1803. CrossRef

34. Rodriguez‐BigasMA, VasenHF, LynchHT, et al.Characteristics of small bowel carcinoma in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma. International Collaborative Group on HNPCC. Cancer1998;83:240. CrossRef

35. SchulmannK, BraschFE, KunstmannE, et al.HNPCC‐associated small bowel cancer: clinical and molecular characteristics. Gastroenterology2005;128:590. CrossRef

36. BanckMS, KanwarR, KulkarniAA, et al.The genomic landscape of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Invest2013;123:2502. CrossRef

37. OfferhausGJ, GiardielloFM, KrushAJ, et al.The risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology1992;102:1980.

38. WuTT, RezaiB, RashidA, et al.Genetic alterations and epithelial dysplasia in juvenile polyposis syndrome and sporadic juvenile polyps. Am J Pathol1997;150:939.

39. BurkeCA, BeckGJ, ChurchJM, et al.The natural history of untreated duodenal and ampullary adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis followed in an endoscopic surveillance program. Gastrointest Endosc1999;49(3 Pt 1):358. CrossRef

40. IidaM, YaoT, ItohH, et al.Natural history of duodenal lesions in Japanese patients with familial adenomatosis coli (Gardner's syndrome). Gastroenterology1989;96(5 Pt 1):1301.

41. Cancer AJCo. Manual for Cancer Staging. JB Lippincott. 6th ed. Philadelphia; 2002.

42. DabajaBS, SukiD, ProB, et al.Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel: presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome of 217 patients. Cancer2004;101:518. CrossRef

43. OjhaA, ZacherlJ, ScheubaC, et al.Primary small bowel malignancies: single‐center results of three decades. J Clin Gastroenterol2000;30:289. CrossRef

44. ContantCM, DamhuisRA, van GeelAN, et al.Prognostic value of the TNM‐classification for small bowel cancer. Hepatogastroenterology1997;44:430.

45. VeyrieresM, BailletP, HayJM, et al.Factors influencing long‐term survival in 100 cases of small intestine primary adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg1997;173:237. CrossRef

46. PilleulF, PenigaudM, MilotL, et al.Possible small‐bowel neoplasms: contrast‐enhanced and water‐enhanced multidetector CT enteroclysis. Radiology2006;241:796. CrossRef

47. MasselliG, GualdiG. Evaluation of small bowel tumors: MR enteroclysis. Abdom Imaging2010;35:23. CrossRef

48. PaskiSC, SemradCE. Small bowel tumors. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am2009;19:461. CrossRef

49. MataA, LlachJ, CastellsA, et al.A prospective trial comparing wireless capsule endoscopy and barium contrast series for small‐bowel surveillance in hereditary GI polyposis syndromes. Gastrointest Endosc2005;61:721. CrossRef

50. BrownG, FraserC, SchofieldG, et al.Video capsule endoscopy in peutz‐jeghers syndrome: a blinded comparison with barium follow‐through for detection of small‐bowel polyps. Endoscopy2006;38:385. CrossRef

51. CaspariR, von FalkenhausenM, KrautmacherC, et al.Comparison of capsule endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of polyps of the small intestine in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis or with Peutz‐Jeghers' syndrome. Endoscopy2004;36:1054. CrossRef

52. KatsinelosP, KountourasJ, ChatzimavroudisG, et al.Wireless capsule endoscopy in detecting small‐intestinal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis. World J Gastroenterol2009;15:6075. CrossRef

53. IaquintoG, FornasarigM, QuaiaM, et al.Capsule endoscopy is useful and safe for small‐bowel surveillance in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastrointest Endosc2008;67:61. CrossRef

54. RondonottiE, PennazioM, TothE, et al.Small‐bowel neoplasms in patients undergoing video capsule endoscopy: a multicenter European study. Endoscopy2008;40:488. CrossRef

55. LiF, GuruduSR, De PetrisG, et al.Retention of the capsule endoscope: a single‐center experience of 1000 capsule endoscopy procedures. Gastrointest Endosc2008;68:174. CrossRef

56. CheonJH, KimYS, LeeIS, et al.Can we predict spontaneous capsule passage after retention? A nationwide study to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcomes of capsule retention. Endoscopy2007;39:1046. CrossRef

57. DelvauxM, Ben SoussanE, LaurentV, et al.Clinical evaluation of the use of the M2A patency capsule system before a capsule endoscopy procedure, in patients with known or suspected intestinal stenosis. Endoscopy2005;37:801. CrossRef

58. LewisBS, EisenGM, FriedmanS. A pooled analysis to evaluate results of capsule endoscopy trials. Endoscopy2005;37:960. CrossRef

59. PashaSF, LeightonJA, DasA, et al.Double‐balloon enteroscopy and capsule endoscopy have comparable diagnostic yield in small‐bowel disease: a meta‐analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2008;6:671. CrossRef

60. RossA, MehdizadehS, TokarJ, et al.Double balloon enteroscopy detects small bowel mass lesions missed by capsule endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci2008;53:2140. CrossRef

61. BelluttiM, FryLC, SchmittJ, et al.Detection of neuroendocrine tumors of the small bowel by double balloon enteroscopy. Dig Dis Sci2009;54:1050. CrossRef

62. GrossSA, StarkME. Initial experience with double‐balloon enteroscopy at a U.S. center. Gastrointest Endosc2008;67:890. CrossRef

63. TsujikawaT, SaitohY, AndohA, et al.Novel single‐balloon enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of the small intestine: preliminary experiences. Endoscopy2008;40:11. CrossRef

64. AkermanPA, AgrawalD, ChenW, et al.Spiral enteroscopy: a novel method of enteroscopy by using the Endo‐Ease Discovery SB overtube and a pediatric colonoscope. Gastrointest Endosc2009;69:327. CrossRef

65. SchembreDB, RossAS. Spiral enteroscopy: a new twist on overtube‐assisted endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc2009;69:333. CrossRef

66. HongSH, KohYH, RhoSY, et al.Primary adenocarcinoma of the small intestine: presentation, prognostic factors and clinical outcome. Jpn J Clin Oncol2009;39:54. CrossRef

67. CrawleyC, RossP, NormanA, et al.The Royal Marsden experience of a small bowel adenocarcinoma treated with protracted venous infusion 5‐fluorouracil. Br J Cancer1998;78:508. CrossRef

68. LocherC, MalkaD, BoigeV, et al.Combination chemotherapy in advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma. Oncology2005;69:290. CrossRef

69. TsangH, YauT, KhongPL, et al.Bevacizumab‐based therapy for advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma. Gut2008;57:1631. CrossRef

70. NugentKP, FarmerKC, SpigelmanAD, et al.Randomized controlled trial of the effect of sulindac on duodenal and rectal polyposis and cell proliferation in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Br J Surg1993;80:1618. CrossRef

71. PanSY, MorrisonH. Epidemiology of cancer of the small intestine. World J Gastrointest Oncol2011;3:33.

72. WeiderpassE, PukkalaE. Time trends in socioeconomic differences in incidence rates of cancers of gastro‐intestinal tract in Finland. BMC Gastroenterol2006;6:41. CrossRef

73. ShackLG, WoodHE, KangJY, et al.Small intestinal cancer in England & Wales and Scotland: time trends in incidence, mortality and survival. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2006;23:1297. CrossRef

74. ModlinIM, ChampaneriaMC, ChanAK, et al.A three‐decade analysis of 3,911 small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors: the rapid pace of no progress. Am J Gastroenterol2007;102:1464. CrossRef

75. MoertelCG. Karnofsky memorial lecture. An odyssey in the land of small tumors. J Clin Oncol1987;5:1502.

76. CrossAJ, LeitzmannMF, SubarAF, et al.A prospective study of meat and fat intake in relation to small intestinal cancer. Cancer Res2008;68:9274. CrossRef

77. QubaiahO, DevesaSS, PlatzCE, et al.Small intestinal cancer: a population‐based study of incidence and survival patterns in the United States, 1992 to 2006. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2010;19:1908. CrossRef

78. Babovic‐VuksanovicD, ConstantinouCL, RubinJ, et al.Familial occurrence of carcinoid tumors and association with other malignant neoplasms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev1999;8:715.

79. ModlinIM, SandorA. An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors. Cancer1997;79:813. CrossRef

80. KothariT, ManglaJC. Malignant tumors associated with carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Gastroenterol1981;3(Suppl 1):43. CrossRef

81. WestergaardT, FrischM, MelbyeM. Carcinoid tumors in Denmark 1978–1989 and the risk of subsequent cancers. A population‐based study. Cancer1995;76:106. CrossRef

82. HallenA. Fibrosis in the Carcinoid Syndrome. Lancet1964;1:746. CrossRef

83. HorsleyBL, BakerRR. Fibroplastic response to intestinal carcinoid. Am Surg1970;36:676.

84. SahaS, HodaS, GodfreyR, et al.Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a 44‐year experience. South Med J1989;82:1501. CrossRef

85. MemonMA, NelsonH. Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors: current management strategies. Dis Colon Rectum1997;40:1101. CrossRef

86. ZeitelsJ, NaunheimK, KaplanEL, et al.Carcinoid tumors: a 37‐year experience. Arch Surg1982;117:732. CrossRef

87. MacGillivrayDC, SynderDA, DruckerW, et al.Carcinoid tumors: the relationship between clinical presentation and the extent of disease. Surgery1991;110:68.

88. PasiekaJL, McKinnonJG, KinnearS, et al.Carcinoid syndrome symposium on treatment modalities for gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours: symposium summary. Can J Surg2001;44:25.

89. ModlinIM, KiddM, LatichI, et al.Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. Gastroenterology2005;128:1717. CrossRef

90. OnaitisMW, KirshbomPM, HaywardTZ, et al.Gastrointestinal carcinoids: characterization by site of origin and hormone production. Ann Surg2000;232:549. CrossRef

91. CreutzfeldtW, StockmannF. Carcinoids and carcinoid syndrome. Am J Med1987;82(5B):4. CrossRef

92. ModlinIM, LyeKD, KiddM. A 5‐decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer2003;97:934. CrossRef

93. FeldmanJM. Urinary serotonin in the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors. Clin Chem1986;32:840.

94. SjoerdsmaAWH, UdenfriendS. Simple test for diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid (argentaffinoma). JAMA1955;159.

95. FeldmanJM, LeeEM. Serotonin content of foods: effect on urinary excretion of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Am J Clin Nutr1985;42:639.

96. O'ConnorDT, DeftosLJ. Secretion of chromogranin A by peptide‐producing endocrine neoplasms. N Engl J Med1986;314:1145. CrossRef

97. ErikssonB, ObergK. Peptide hormones as tumor markers in neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors. Acta Oncol1991;30:477. CrossRef

98. GourtsoyiannisN, MakoE. Imaging of primary small intestinal tumours by enteroclysis and CT with pathological correlation. Eur Radiol1997;7:625. CrossRef

99. JeffreeMA, BarterSJ, HemingwayAP, et al.Primary carcinoid tumours of the ileum: the radiological appearances. Clin Radiol1984;35:451. CrossRef

100. HellmanP, LundstromT, OhrvallU, et al.Effect of surgery on the outcome of midgut carcinoid disease with lymph node and liver metastases. World J Surg2002;26:991. CrossRef

101. ModlinIM, TangLH. Approaches to the diagnosis of gut neuroendocrine tumors: the last word (today). Gastroenterology1997;112:583. CrossRef

102. ShiW, JohnstonCF, BuchananKD, et al.Localization of neuroendocrine tumours with [111In] DTPA‐octreotide scintigraphy (Octreoscan): a comparative study with CT and MR imaging. QJM1998;91:295. CrossRef

103. HoefnagelCA. MIBG and radiolabeled octreotide in neuroendocrine tumors. Q J Nucl Med1995;39(4 Suppl 1):137.

104. ShapiroB. Ten years of experience with MIBG applications and the potential of new radiolabeled peptides: a personal overview and concluding remarks. Q J Nucl Med1995;39(4 Suppl 1):150.

105. KrenningEP, KwekkeboomDJ, BakkerWH, et al.Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In‐DTPA‐D‐Phe1]‐ and [123I‐Tyr3]‐octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur J Nucl Med1993;20:716. CrossRef

106. KrenningEP, KooijPP, BakkerWH, et al.Radiotherapy with a radiolabeled somatostatin analogue, [111In‐DTPA‐D‐Phe1]‐octreotide. A case history. Ann N Y Acad Sci1994;733:496. CrossRef

107. AhlmanH, TisellLE, WangbergB, et al.Somatostatin receptor imaging in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: preoperative and postoperative scintigraphy and intraoperative use of a scintillation detector. Semin Oncol1994;21(5 Suppl 13):21.

108. KiskerO, WeinelRJ, GeksJ, et al.Value of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy for preoperative localization of carcinoids. World J Surg1996;20:162. CrossRef

109. AndersonCJ, DehdashtiF, CutlerPD, et al.64Cu‐TETA‐octreotide as a PET imaging agent for patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med2001;42:213.

110. RossiniFP, RisioM, PennazioM. Small bowel tumors and polyposis syndromes. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am1999;9:93.

111. MerrellDE, MansbachC2nd, GarbuttJTJr. Carcinoid tumors of the duodenum: endoscopic diagnosis of two cases. Gastrointest Endosc1985;31:269. CrossRef

112. ZimmerT, ZieglerK, LiehrRM, et al.Endosonography of neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas. Ann N Y Acad Sci1994;733:425. CrossRef

113. YoshikaneH, TsukamotoY, NiwaY, et al.Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: evaluation with endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc1993;39:375. CrossRef

114. InaiM, SakaiM, KajiyamaT, et al.Endosonographic characterization of duodenal elevated lesions. Gastrointest Endosc1996;44:714. CrossRef

115. De AngelisC, CarucciP, RepiciA, et al.Endosonography in decision making and management of gastrointestinal endocrine tumors. Eur J Ultrasound1999;10:139. CrossRef

116. AcsG, McGrathCM, GuptaPK. Duodenal carcinoid tumor: report of a case diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy with immunocytochemical correlation. Diagn Cytopathol2000;23:183. CrossRef

117. NishimoriI, MoritaM, SanoS, et al.Endosonography‐guided endoscopic resection of duodenal carcinoid tumor. Endoscopy1997;29:214. CrossRef

118. YamagishiH, FukuiH, ShirakawaK, et al.Early diagnosis and successful treatment of small‐intestinal carcinoid tumor: useful combination of capsule endoscopy and double‐balloon endoscopy. Endoscopy2007;39(Suppl 1):E243. CrossRef

119. VaughanDJ, BrunnerMD. Anesthesia for patients with carcinoid syndrome. Int Anesthesiol Clin1997;35:129. CrossRef

120. HarrisAG, RedfernJS. Octreotide treatment of carcinoid syndrome: analysis of published dose‐titration data. Aliment Pharmacol Ther1995;9:387. CrossRef

121. StinnerB, KiskerO, ZielkeA, et al.Surgical management for carcinoid tumors of small bowel, appendix, colon, and rectum. World J Surg1996;20:183. CrossRef

122. SoreideO, BerstadT, BakkaA, et al.Surgical treatment as a principle in patients with advanced abdominal carcinoid tumors. Surgery1992;111:48.

123. MoertelCG. Treatment of the carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome. J Clin Oncol1983;1:727.

124. MoertelCG, JohnsonCM, McKusickMA, et al.The management of patients with advanced carcinoid tumors and islet cell carcinomas. Ann Intern Med1994;120:302. CrossRef

125. AhlmanH, WestbergG, WangbergB, et al.Treatment of liver metastases of carcinoid tumors. World J Surg1996;20:196. CrossRef

126. QueFG, NagorneyDM, BattsKP, et al.Hepatic resection for metastatic neuroendocrine carcinomas. Am J Surg1995;169:36, discussion ‐3. CrossRef

127. SarmientoJM, HeywoodG, RubinJ, et al.Surgical treatment of neuroendocrine metastases to the liver: a plea for resection to increase survival. J Am Coll Surg2003;197:29. CrossRef

128. O'TooleD, MaireF, RuszniewskiP. Ablative therapies for liver metastases of digestive endocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer2003;10:463. CrossRef

129. DiamandidouE, AjaniJA, YangDJ, et al.Two‐phase study of hepatic artery vascular occlusion with microencapsulated cisplatin in patients with liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol1998;170:339. CrossRef

130. HajarizadehH, IvancevK, MuellerCR, et al.Effective palliative treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumors with intra‐arterial chemotherapy/chemoembolization combined with octreotide acetate. Am J Surg1992;163:479. CrossRef

131. MarlinkRG, LokichJJ, RobinsJR, et al.Hepatic arterial embolization for metastatic hormone‐secreting tumors. Technique, effectiveness, and complications. Cancer1990;65:2227. CrossRef

132. DuperierT, AliA, PereiraS, et al.Laparoscopic cryoablation of a metastatic carcinoid tumor. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A2001;11:105. CrossRef

133. KrenningEP, ValkemaR, KooijPP, et al.Scintigraphy and radionuclide therapy with [indium‐111‐labelled‐diethyl triamine penta‐acetic acid‐D‐Phe1]‐octreotide. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol1999;31(Suppl 2):S219.

134. Tiensuu JansonEM, AhlstromH, AnderssonT, et al.Octreotide and interferon alfa: a new combination for the treatment of malignant carcinoid tumours. Eur J Cancer1992;28A:1647.

135. PathiranaAA, VinjamuriS, ByrneC, et al.(131)I‐MIBG radionuclide therapy is safe and cost‐effective in the control of symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome. Eur J Surg Oncol2001;27:404. CrossRef

136. McCarthyKE, WolteringEA, EspenanGD, et al.In situ radiotherapy with 111In‐pentetreotide: initial observations and future directions. Cancer J Sci Am1998;4:94.

137. De JongM, BreemanWA, BernardHF, et al.Therapy of neuroendocrine tumors with radiolabeled somatostatin‐analogues. Q J Nucl Med1999;43:356.

138. WelinSV, JansonET, SundinA, et al.High‐dose treatment with a long‐acting somatostatin analogue in patients with advanced midgut carcinoid tumours. Eur J Endocrinol2004;151:107. CrossRef

139. GarlandJ, BuscombeJR, BouvierC, et al.Sandostatin LAR (long‐acting octreotide acetate) for malignant carcinoid syndrome: a 3‐year experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2003;17:437. CrossRef

140. RuszniewskiP, DucreuxM, ChayvialleJA, et al.Treatment of the carcinoid syndrome with the longacting somatostatin analogue lanreotide: a prospective study in 39 patients. Gut1996;39:279. CrossRef

141. MoertelCG, HanleyJA. Combination chemotherapy trials in metastatic carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Cancer Clin Trials1979;2:327.

142. BukowskiRM, JohnsonKG, PetersonRF, et al.A phase II trial of combination chemotherapy in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors. A Southwest Oncology Group Study. Cancer1987;60:2891. CrossRef

143. LeghaSS, ValdiviesoM, NelsonRS, et al.Chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoid tumors: experiences with 32 patients and a review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rep1977;61:1699.

144. van HazelGA, RubinJ, MoertelCG. Treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumor with dactinomycin or dacarbazine. Cancer Treat Rep1983;67:583.

145. RitzelU, LeonhardtU, StockmannF, et al.Treatment of metastasized midgut carcinoids with dacarbazine. Am J Gastroenterol1995;90:627.

146. EngstromPF, LavinPT, MoertelCG, et al.Streptozocin plus fluorouracil versus doxorubicin therapy for metastatic carcinoid tumor. J Clin Oncol1984;2:1255.

147. AnsellSM, PitotHC, BurchPA, et al.A phase II study of high‐dose paclitaxel in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer2001;91:1543. CrossRef

148. ChengPN, SaltzLB. Failure to confirm major objective antitumor activity for streptozocin and doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with advanced islet cell carcinoma. Cancer1999;86:944. CrossRef

149. HughesMJ, KerrDJ, CassidyJ, et al.A pilot study of combination therapy with interferon‐alpha‐2a and 5‐fluorouracil in metastatic carcinoid and malignant endocrine pancreatic tumours. Ann Oncol1996;7:208. CrossRef

150. SaltzL, KemenyN, SchwartzG, et al.A phase II trial of alpha‐interferon and 5‐fluorouracil in patients with advanced carcinoid and islet cell tumors. Cancer1994;74:958. CrossRef

151. ObergK, FunaK, AlmG. Effects of leukocyte interferon on clinical symptoms and hormone levels in patients with mid‐gut carcinoid tumors and carcinoid syndrome. N Engl J Med1983;309:129. CrossRef

152. JacobsenMB, HanssenLE, KolmannskogF, et al.Interferon‐alpha 2b, with or without prior hepatic artery embolization: clinical response and survival in mid‐gut carcinoid patients. The Norwegian carcinoid study. Scand J Gastroenterol1995;30:789. CrossRef

153. MiettinenM, LasotaJ. Histopathology of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Surg Oncol2011;104:865. CrossRef

154. CorlessCL, BarnettCM, HeinrichMC. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: origin and molecular oncology. Nat Rev Cancer2011;11:865.

155. CorlessCL, BarnettCM, HeinrichMC. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: origin and molecular oncology. Nat Rev Cancer2011;11:865.

156. BardsleyMR, et al.Kitlow stem cells cause resistance to Kit/Pdgrfa inhibitors in murine gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gastroenterology2010;139:942. CrossRef

157. MiettinenM, Sarlomo‐RikalaM, LasotaJ. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recent advances in understanding of their biology. Hum Pathol1999;30:1213. CrossRef

158. BermanJ, O'LearyTJ. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor workshop. Hum Pathol2001;32:578. CrossRef

159. PidhoreckyI, CheneyRT, KraybillWG, et al.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: current diagnosis, biologic behavior, and management. Ann Surg Oncol2000;7:705. CrossRef

160. JoensuuH, VehtariA, RiihimakiJ, et al.Risk of recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumour after surgery: an analysis of pooled population‐based cohorts. Lancet Oncol2012;13:265. CrossRef

161. BlanchardDK, BuddeJM, HatchGF3rd, et al.Tumors of the small intestine. World J Surg2000;24:421. CrossRef

162. GoodCA. Tumors of the small intestine. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med1963;89:685.

163. EmoryTS, SobinLH, LukesL, et al.Prognosis of gastrointestinal smooth‐muscle (stromal) tumors: dependence on anatomic site. Am J Surg Pathol1999;23:82. CrossRef

164. LichtJD, WeissmannLB, AntmanK. Gastrointestinal sarcomas. Semin Oncol1988;15:181.

165. GriggER. Esophagogastrointestinal leiomyo(sarco)mas. Am J Med1961;31:591. CrossRef

166. DiSarioJA, BurtRW, VargasH, et al.Small bowel cancer: epidemiological and clinical characteristics from a population‐based registry. Am J Gastroenterol1994;89:699.

167. GabosS, BerkelJ, BandP, et al.Small bowel cancer in western Canada. Int J Epidemiol1993;22:198. CrossRef

168. WilsonJM, MelvinDB, GrayGF, et al.Primary malignancies of the small bowel: a report of 96 cases and review of the literature. Ann Surg1974;180:175. CrossRef

169. DucimetiereF, LurkinA, Ranchere‐VinceD, et al.Incidence of sarcoma histotypes and molecular subtypes in a prospective epidemiological study with central pathology review and molecular testing. PLoS ONE2011;6:e20294. CrossRef

170. BeghiniA, TibilettiMG, RoversiG, et al.Germline mutation in the juxtamembrane domain of the kit gene in a family with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and urticaria pigmentosa. Cancer2001;92:657. CrossRef

171. ChompretA, KannengiesserC, BarroisM, et al.PDGFRA germline mutation in a family with multiple cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Gastroenterology2004;126:318. CrossRef

172. ZollerME, RembeckB, OdenA, et al.Malignant and benign tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 in a defined Swedish population. Cancer1997;79:2125. CrossRef

173. ChangY, CesarmanE, PessinMS, et al.Identification of herpesvirus‐like DNA sequences in AIDS‐associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science1994;266:1865. CrossRef

174. MoorePS, ChangY. Detection of herpesvirus‐like DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with and without HIV infection. N Engl J Med1995;332:1181. CrossRef

175. RutgeertsP, HendrickxH, GeboesK, et al.Involvement of the upper digestive tract by systemic neurofibromatosis. Gastrointest Endosc1981;27:22. CrossRef

176. WilliamsED, PollockDJ. Multiple mucosal neuromata with endocrine tumours: a syndrome allied to von Recklinghausen's disease. J Pathol Bacteriol1966;91:71. CrossRef

177. FletcherCD, BermanJJ, CorlessC, et al.Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A consensus approach. Hum Pathol2002;33:459. CrossRef

178. NovelliM, RossiS, Rodriguez‐JustoM, et al.DOG1 and CD117 are the antibodies of choice in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology2010;57:259. CrossRef

179. HirotaS, IsozakiK, MoriyamaY, et al.Gain‐of‐function mutations of c‐kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science1998;279:577. CrossRef

180. SeidalT, EdvardssonH. Expression of c‐kit (CD117) and Ki67 provides information about the possible cell of origin and clinical course of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology1999;34:416. CrossRef

181. MikhaelAI, BacchiC, ZarboRJ, et al.CD34‐expression in stromal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol1994;2:89.

182. MiettinenM, VirolainenM, Maarit SarlomoR. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors–value of CD34 antigen in their identification and separation from true leiomyomas and schwannomas. Am J Surg Pathol1995;19:207. CrossRef

183. Schneider‐StockR, BoltzeC, LasotaJ, et al.High prognostic value of p16INK4 alterations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Clin Oncol2003;21:1688. CrossRef

184. YlipaaA, HuntKK, YangJ, et al.Integrative genomic characterization and a genomic staging system for gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer2011;117:380. CrossRef

185. MucciariniC, RossiG, BertoliniF, et al.Incidence and clinicopathologic features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. A population‐based study. BMC Cancer2007;7:230. CrossRef

186. MyhreJ. Diagnosis of small‐bowel tumors. Am J Dig Dis1963;8:916. CrossRef

187. WilsonJM, MelvinDB, GrayG, et al.Benign small bowel tumor. Ann Surg1975;181:247.

188. SleisengerMH, FordtranM, FriedmanLS, et al.Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.

189. WoodallCE3rd, BrockGN, FanJ, et al.An evaluation of 2537 gastrointestinal stromal tumors for a proposed clinical staging system. Arch Surg2009;144:670. CrossRef

190. EmileJF, BrahimiS, CoindreJM, et al.Frequencies of KIT and PDGFRA mutations in the MolecGIST prospective population‐based study differ from those of advanced GISTs. Med Oncol2012;29:1765. CrossRef

191. DeMatteoRP, LewisJJ, LeungD, et al.Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival. Ann Surg2000;231:51. CrossRef

192. MiettinenM, MakhloufH, SobinLH, et al.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the jejunum and ileum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 906 cases before imatinib with long‐term follow‐up. Am J Surg Pathol2006;30:477. CrossRef

193. DematteoRP, GoldJS, SaranL, et al.Tumor mitotic rate, size, and location independently predict recurrence after resection of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Cancer2008;112:608. CrossRef

194. WardelmannE, LosenI, HansV, et al.Deletion of Trp‐557 and Lys‐558 in the juxtamembrane domain of the c‐kit protooncogene is associated with metastatic behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Cancer2003;106:887. CrossRef

195. AnderssonJ, BummingP, Meis‐KindblomJM, et al.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors with KIT exon 11 deletions are associated with poor prognosis. Gastroenterology2006;130:1573. CrossRef

196. JoensuuH, HohenbergerP, CorlessCL. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Lancet2013;382:973. CrossRef

197. SepePS, MopartyB, PitmanMB, et al.EUS‐guided FNA for the diagnosis of GI stromal cell tumors: sensitivity and cytologic yield. Gastrointest Endosc2009;70:254. CrossRef

198. Orjollet‐LecoanetC, MenardY, MartinsA, et al.CT enteroclysis for detection of small bowel tumors]. J Radiol2000;81:618.

199. RomanoS, De LutioE, RollandiGA, et al.Multidetector computed tomography enteroclysis (MDCT‐E) with neutral enteral and IV contrast enhancement in tumor detection. Eur Radiol2005;15:1178. CrossRef

200. NCCN practice guidelines for upper gastrointestinal carcinomas. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Oncology1998;12(11A):179.

201. HohenbergerP, RonellenfitschU, OladejiO, et al.Pattern of recurrence in patients with ruptured primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Br J Surg2010;97:1854. CrossRef

202. JoensuuH. Risk stratification of patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Hum Pathol2008;39:1411. CrossRef

203. DematteoRP, BallmanKV, AntonescuCR, et al.Adjuvant imatinib mesylate after resection of localised, primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet2009;373:1097. CrossRef

204. JoensuuH, ErikssonM, Sundby HallK, et al.One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a randomized trial. JAMA2012;307:1265. CrossRef

205. Le CesneA, Ray‐CoquardI, BuiBN, et al.Discontinuation of imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after 3 years of treatment: an open‐label multicentre randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol2010;11:942. CrossRef

206. HeinrichMC, CorlessCL, DemetriGD, et al.Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol2003;21:4342. CrossRef

207. DemetriGD, van OosteromAT, GarrettCR, et al.Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet2006;368:1329. CrossRef

208. DemetriGD, ReichardtP, KangYK, et al.Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet2013;381:295. CrossRef

209. MussiC, RonellenfitschU, JakobJ, et al.Post‐imatinib surgery in advanced/metastatic GIST: is it worthwhile in all patients?Ann Oncol2010;21:403. CrossRef

210. Fernandez‐TrigoV, SugarbakerPH. Sarcomas involving the abdominal and pelvic cavity. Tumori1993;79:77.

211. LindbergRD, MartinRG, RomsdahlMM, et al.Conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy in 300 adults with soft‐tissue sarcomas. Cancer1981;47:2391. CrossRef

212. KobayashiK, SzklarukJ, TrentJC, et al.Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization for imatinib‐resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Clin Oncol2009;32:574. CrossRef

213. HasegawaJ, KandaT, HirotaS, et al.Surgical interventions for focal progression of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors during imatinib therapy. Int J Clin Oncol2007;12:212. CrossRef

214. JonesRL, McCallJ, AdamA, et al.Radiofrequency ablation is a feasible therapeutic option in the multi modality management of sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol2010;36:477. CrossRef

215. BlankeCD, RankinC, DemetriGD, et al.Phase III randomized, intergroup trial assessing imatinib mesylate at two dose levels in patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors expressing the kit receptor tyrosine kinase: S0033. J Clin Oncol2008;26:626. CrossRef

216. BlankeCD, DemetriGD, von MehrenM, et al.Long‐term results from a randomized phase II trial of standard‐ versus higher‐dose imatinib mesylate for patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors expressing KIT. J Clin Oncol2008;26:620. CrossRef

217. TranT, DavilaJA, El‐SeragHB. The epidemiology of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an analysis of 1,458 cases from 1992 to 2000. Am J Gastroenterol2005;100:162. CrossRef

218. ChanKH, ChanCW, ChowWH, et al.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in a cohort of Chinese patients in Hong Kong. World J Gastroenterol2006;12:2223.

219. ChoMY, SohnJH, KimJM, et al.Current trends in the epidemiological and pathological characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Korea, 2003–2004. J Korean Med Sci2010;25:853. CrossRef

220. NewtonR, FerlayJ, BeralV, et al.The epidemiology of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: comparison of nodal and extra‐nodal sites. Int J Cancer1997;72:923. CrossRef

221. DawsonIM, CornesJS, MorsonBC. Primary malignant lymphoid tumours of the intestinal tract. Report of 37 cases with a study of factors influencing prognosis. Br J Surg1961;49:80. CrossRef

222. ContrearyK, NanceFC, BeckerWF. Primary lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Surg1980;191:593. CrossRef

223. StangA, StegmaierC, EisingerB, et al.Descriptive epidemiology of small intestinal malignancies: the German Cancer Registry experience. Br J Cancer1999;80:1440. CrossRef

224. GurneyKA, CartwrightRA, GilmanEA. Descriptive epidemiology of gastrointestinal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in a population‐based registry. Br J Cancer1999;79:1929. CrossRef

225. HansenPB, VogtKC, SkovRL, et al.Primary gastrointestinal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults: a population‐based clinical and histopathologic study. J Intern Med1998;244:71. CrossRef

226. O'BoyleCJ, KerinMJ, FeeleyK, et al.Primary small intestinal tumours: increased incidence of lymphoma and improved survival. Ann R Coll Surg Engl1998;80:332.

227. SalemPA, EstephanFF. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease: current concepts. Cancer J2005;11:374. CrossRef

228. CooperBT, HolmesGK, FergusonR, et al.Celiac disease and malignancy. Medicine (Baltimore)1980;59:249. CrossRef

229. IlyasM, NiedobitekG, AgathanggelouA, et al.Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, coeliac disease, and Epstein‐Barr virus: a study of 13 cases of enteropathy‐associated T‐ and B‐cell lymphoma. J Pathol1995;177:115. CrossRef

230. AjdukiewiczAB, YoungsGR, BouchierIA. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Gut1972;13:589. CrossRef

231. MatuchanskyC, TouchardG, LemaireM, et al.Malignant lymphoma of the small bowel associated with diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. N Engl J Med1985;313:166. CrossRef

232. FarrellRJ, AngY, KileenP, et al.Increased incidence of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease patients on immunosuppressive therapy but overall risk is low. Gut2000;47:514. CrossRef

233. BernsteinCN, BlanchardJF, KliewerE, et al.Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population‐based study. Cancer2001;91:854. CrossRef

234. MellemkjaerL, OlsenJH, FrischM, et al.Cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Cancer1995;60:330. CrossRef

235. EkbomA, HelmickC, ZackM, et al.Extracolonic malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer1991;67:2015. CrossRef

236. ThomasJA, AlldayMJ, CrawfordDH. Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders in immunocompromised individuals. Adv Cancer Res1991;57:329. CrossRef

237. StrausDJ. HIV‐associated lymphomas. Curr Opin Oncol1997;9:450. CrossRef

238. CrumpM, GospodarowiczM, ShepherdFA. Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Oncol1999;26:324.

239. Al‐SaleemT, Al‐MondhiryH. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID): a model for mature B‐cell neoplasms. Blood2005;105:2274. CrossRef

240. ChandraRK. Nutrition, immunity, and infection: present knowledge and future directions. Lancet1983;1(8326 Pt 1):688.

241. RambaudJC, ModiglianiR, PhuocBK, et al.Non‐secretory alpha‐chain disease in intestinal lymphoma. N Engl J Med1980;303:53.

242. LebwohlB, GranathF, EkbomA, et al.Mucosal healing and risk for lymphoproliferative malignancy in celiac disease: a population‐based cohort study. Ann Intern Med2013;159:169. CrossRef

243. ElfstromP, GranathF, Ekstrom SmedbyK, et al.Risk of lymphoproliferative malignancy in relation to small intestinal histopathology among patients with celiac disease. J Natl Cancer Inst2011;103:436. CrossRef

244. CatassiC, FabianiE, CorraoG, et al.Risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in celiac disease. JAMA2002;287:1413. CrossRef

245. SmedbyKE, AkermanM, HildebrandH, et al.Malignant lymphomas in coeliac disease: evidence of increased risks for lymphoma types other than enteropathy‐type T cell lymphoma. Gut2005;54:54. CrossRef

246. AsklingJ, LinetM, GridleyG, et al.Cancer incidence in a population‐based cohort of individuals hospitalized with celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis. Gastroenterology2002;123:1428. CrossRef

247. WestJ, LoganRF, SmithCJ, et al.Malignancy and mortality in people with coeliac disease: population based cohort study. BMJ2004;329:716. CrossRef

248. GaoY, KristinssonSY, GoldinLR, et al.Increased risk for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in individuals with celiac disease and a potential familial association. Gastroenterology2009;136:91. CrossRef

249. FreyNV, TsaiDE. The management of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Med Oncol2007;24:125. CrossRef

250. DomizioP, OwenRA, ShepherdNA, et al.Primary lymphoma of the small intestine. A clinicopathological study of 119 cases. Am J Surg Pathol1993;17:429. CrossRef

251. IsaacsonPG. Gastrointestinal lymphoma. Hum Pathol1994;25:1020. CrossRef

252. AmerMH, el AkkadS. Gastrointestinal lymphoma in adults: clinical features and management of 300 cases. Gastroenterology1994;106:846.

253. NakamuraS, MatsumotoT, TakeshitaM, et al.A clinicopathologic study of primary small intestine lymphoma: prognostic significance of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue‐derived lymphoma. Cancer2000;88:286. CrossRef

254. MalikIA, ShamsiZ, ShafquatA, et al.Clinicopathological features and management of immunoproliferative small intestinal disease and primary small intestinal lymphoma in Pakistan. Med Pediatr Oncol1995;25:400. CrossRef

255. KhojastehA, HaghighiP. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease: portrait of a potentially preventable cancer from the Third World. Am J Med1990;89:483. CrossRef

256. SalemP, el HashimiL, AnaissieE, et al.Primary small intestinal lymphoma in adults. A comparative study of IPSID versus non‐IPSID in the Middle East. Cancer1987;59:1670. CrossRef

257. IsaacsonP, WrightDH. Extranodal malignant lymphoma arising from mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue. Cancer1984;53:2515. CrossRef

258. Ruskone‐FourmestrauxA, DelmerA, LavergneA, et al.Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract: prospective clinicopathologic study of 31 cases. Groupe D'etude des Lymphomes Digestifs. Gastroenterology1997;112:7. CrossRef

259. WrightDH. Enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma. Cancer Surv1997;30:249.

260. RohatinerA, D'AmoreF, CoiffierB, et al.Report on a workshop convened to discuss the pathological and staging classifications of gastrointestinal tract lymphoma. Ann Oncol1994;5:397. CrossRef

261. ThieblemontC, BastionY, BergerF, et al.Mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal lymphoma behavior: analysis of 108 patients. J Clin Oncol1997;15:1624.

262. RadaszkiewiczT, DragosicsB, BauerP. Gastrointestinal malignant lymphomas of the mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue: factors relevant to prognosis. Gastroenterology1992;102:1628.

263. MortonJE, LeylandMJ, Vaughan HudsonG, et al.Primary gastrointestinal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: a review of 175 British National Lymphoma Investigation cases. Br J Cancer1993;67:776. CrossRef

264. D'AmoreF, BrinckerH, GronbaekK, et al.Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a population‐based analysis of incidence, geographic distribution, clinicopathologic presentation features, and prognosis. Danish Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol1994;12:1673.

265. LiangR, ToddD, ChanTK, et al.Prognostic factors for primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. Hematol Oncol1995;13:153. CrossRef

266. PandeyM, WadhwaMK, PatelHP, et al.Malignant lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Surg Oncol1999;25:164. CrossRef

267. ChabnerBA, FisherRI, YoungRC, et al.Staging of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Semin Oncol1980;7:285.

268. FerrarisAM, GiuntiniP, GaetaniGF. Serum lactic dehydrogenase as a prognostic tool for non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. Blood1979;54:928.

269. WeingradDN, DecosseJJ, SherlockP, et al.Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma: a 30‐year review. Cancer1982;49:1258. CrossRef

270. JagannathS, VelasquezWS, TuckerSL, et al.Tumor burden assessment and its implication for a prognostic model in advanced diffuse large‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol1986;4:859.

271. SwanFJr, VelasquezWS, TuckerS, et al.A new serologic staging system for large‐cell lymphomas based on initial beta 2‐microglobulin and lactate dehydrogenase levels. J Clin Oncol1989;7:1518.

272. YunisJJ, MayerMG, ArnesenMA, et al.bcl‐2 and other genomic alterations in the prognosis of large‐cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med1989;320:1047. CrossRef

273. FliegerD, KellerR, MayA, et al.Capsule endoscopy in gastrointestinal lymphomas. Endoscopy2005;37:1174. CrossRef

274. DaumS, WahnschaffeU, GlasenappR, et al.Capsule endoscopy in refractory celiac disease. Endoscopy2007;39:455. CrossRef

275. HottaK, OyamaT, KitamuraY, et al.Mantle cell lymphoma presenting as multiple lymphomatous polyposis spreading widely to the small intestine and diagnosed by double‐balloon endoscopy. Endoscopy2007;39(Suppl 1):E347. CrossRef

276. GiriK, SudarC, AryaM, et al.Diagnosis of marginal cell lymphoma of small intestine by double balloon enteroscopy. South Med J2008;101:561. CrossRef

277. HiguchiK, KomatsuK, WakamatsuH, et al.Small intestinal follicular lymphoma with multiple tumor formations diagnosed by double‐balloon enteroscopy. Intern Med2007;46:705. CrossRef

278. RomagureaJE, VelasquezWS, SilvermintzKB, et al.Surgical debulking is associated with improved survival in stage I‐II diffuse large cell lymphoma. Cancer1990;66:267. CrossRef

279. LawMM, WilliamsSB, WongJH. Role of surgery in the management of primary lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. J Surg Oncol1996;61:199. CrossRef

280. RacknerVL, ThirlbyRC, RyanJAJr. Role of surgery in multimodality therapy for gastrointestinal lymphoma. Am J Surg1991;161:570. CrossRef

281. HaCS, ChoMJ, AllenPK, et al.Primary non‐Hodgkin lymphoma of the small bowel. Radiology1999;211:183. CrossRef

282. KeungYK, HiggsV, AlbertsonDA, et al.Mucosa‐associated lymhpoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the jejunum and Helicobacter pylori – chance association?Leuk Lymphoma2003;44:1413. CrossRef

283. RawlsRA, VegaKJ, TrotmanBW. Small bowel lymphoma. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol2003;6:27. CrossRef

284. EganLJ, WalshSV, StevensFM, et al.Celiac‐associated lymphoma. A single institution experience of 30 cases in the combination chemotherapy era. J Clin Gastroenterol1995;21:123. CrossRef

285. el SaghirNS, JessenK, MassRE, et al.Combination chemotherapy for primary small intestinal lymphoma in the Middle East. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol1989;25:851. CrossRef

286. Al‐BahraniZR, Al‐MondhiryH, BakirF, et al.Clinical and pathologic subtypes of primary intestinal lymphoma. Experience with 132 patients over a 14‐year period. Cancer1983;52:1666. CrossRef

287. el SaghirNS. Combination chemotherapy with tetracycline and aggressive supportive care for immunoproliferative small‐intestinal disease lymphoma. J Clin Oncol1995;13:794.

288. AkbulutH, SoykanI, YakaryilmazF, et al.Five‐year results of the treatment of 23 patients with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease: a Turkish experience. Cancer1997;80:8. CrossRef

289. SalimiM, SpinelliJJ. Chemotherapy of Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma. Retrospective comparison of chemotherapy protocols in Iranian patients. Am J Clin Oncol1996;19:18. CrossRef

290. FauciA, BraunwaldE, KasperD, et al.Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th ed. New York: McGraw‐Hill; 2008.

291. AdairCRJ, SahinAA, El‐NaggarAK, et al.Malignant Melanoma Metastatic to Gastrointestinal Tract A Clinicopathologic Study. Int J Surg Pathol1994;2:3. CrossRef

292. EdgeSB, ByrdDR, ComptonCC, et al.AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) Cancer Staging Manual, 7th ed. New York.: Springer; 2010.

293. Ruskone‐FourmestrauxA, DragosicsB, MorgnerA, et al.Paris staging system for primary gastrointestinal lymphomas. Gut2003;52:912. CrossRef