1. LindstromCG. “Collagenous colitis” with watery diarrhoea – a new entity?Pathol Eur1976;11:87.

2. LazenbyAJ, YardleyJH, GiardielloFM, et al.Lymphocytic (“microscopic”) colitis: a comparative histopathologic study with particular reference to collagenous colitis. Hum Pathol1989;20:18. CrossRef

3. ReadNW, KrejsGJ, ReadMG, et al.Chronic diarrhea of unknown origin. Gastroenterology1980;78:264.

4. BjornbakC, EngelPJ, NielsenPL, et al.Microscopic colitis: clinical findings, topography and persistence of histopathological subgroups. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;34:1225. CrossRef

5. MunchA, AustD, BohrJ, et al.Microscopic colitis: current status, present and future challenges: statements of the European Microscopic Colitis Group. J Crohns Colitis2012;6:932. CrossRef

6. YenEF, PardiDS. Review article: microscopic colitis – lymphocytic, collagenous and ‘mast cell’ colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;34:21. CrossRef

7. SappH, IthamukkalaS, BrienTP, et al.The terminal ileum is affected in patients with lymphocytic or collagenous colitis. Am J Surg Pathol2002;26:1484. CrossRef

8. PadmanabhanV, CallasPW, LiSC, et al.Histopathological features of the terminal ileum in lymphocytic and collagenous colitis: a study of 32 cases and review of literature. Mod Pathol2003;16:115. CrossRef

9. Fernandez‐BanaresF, CasalotsJ, SalasA, et al.Paucicellular lymphocytic colitis: is it a minor form of lymphocytic colitis? A clinical pathological and immunological study. Am J Gastroenterol2009;104:1189. CrossRef

10. ThijsWJ, van BaarlenJ, KleibeukerJH, et al.Microscopic colitis: prevalence and distribution throughout the colon in patients with chronic diarrhoea. Neth J Med2005;63:137.

11. TanakaM, MazzoleniG, RiddellRH. Distribution of collagenous colitis: utility of flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut1992;33:65. CrossRef

12. YenEF, HallCR, WittB. Yield of sigmoid and rectal biopsies in the detection of microscopic colitis. Gastroenterology2010;138:S638.

13. WildtS, Nordgaard‐LassenI, BendtsenF, et al.Metabolic and inflammatory faecal markers in collagenous colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2007;19:567. CrossRef

14. GentileNM, PardiDS, KhannaS, et al.The epidemiology of microscopic colitis: a population‐based update. Gastroenterology2012;142:S571. CrossRef

15. PardiDS, LoftusEVJr, SmyrkTC, et al.The epidemiology of microscopic colitis: a population based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gut2007;56:504. CrossRef

16. OlesenM, ErikssonS, BohrJ, et al.Microscopic colitis: a common diarrhoeal disease. An epidemiological study in Orebro, Sweden, 1993–1998. Gut2004;53:346. CrossRef

17. BohrJ, TyskC, ErikssonS, et al.Collagenous colitis in Orebro, Sweden, an epidemiological study 1984–1993. Gut1995;37:394. CrossRef

18. Fernandez‐BanaresF, SalasA, ForneM, et al.Incidence of collagenous and lymphocytic colitis: a 5‐year population‐based study. Am J Gastroenterol1999;94:418. CrossRef

19. Fernandez‐BanaresF, SalasA, EsteveM, et al.Evolution of the incidence of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis in Terrassa, Spain: a population‐based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis2011;17:1015. CrossRef

20. AgnarsdottirM, GunnlaugssonO, OrvarKB, et al.Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis in Iceland. Dig Dis Sci2002;47:1122. CrossRef

21. WilliamsJJ, KaplanGG, MakhijaS, et al.Microscopic colitis‐defining incidence rates and risk factors: a population‐based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2008;6:35. CrossRef

22. StewartM, AndrewsCN, UrbanskiS, et al.The association of coeliac disease and microscopic colitis: a large population‐based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;33:1340. CrossRef

23. LoftusEVJr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology2004;126:1504. CrossRef

24. BeaugerieL, PardiDS. Review article: drug‐induced microscopic colitis – proposal for a scoring system and review of the literature. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2005;22:277. CrossRef

25. PardiDS, RamnathVR, LoftusEVJr, et al.Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol2002;97:2829. CrossRef

26. GoffJS, BarnettJL, PelkeT, et al.Collagenous colitis: histopathology and clinical course. Am J Gastroenterol1997;92:57.

27. RiddellJ, HillmanL, ChiragakisL, et al.Collagenous colitis: oral low‐dose methotrexate for patients with difficult symptoms: long‐term outcomes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2007;22:1589. CrossRef

28. SveinssonOA, OrvarKB, BirgissonS, et al.Clinical features of microscopic colitis in a nation‐wide follow‐up study in Iceland. Scand J Gastroenterol2008;43:955. CrossRef

29. RiddellRH, TanakaM, MazzoleniG. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs as a possible cause of collagenous colitis: a case‐control study. Gut1992;33:683. CrossRef

30. GiardielloFM, HansenFC3rd, LazenbyAJ, et al.Collagenous colitis in setting of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and antibiotics. Dig Dis Sci1990;35:257. CrossRef

31. YagiK, NakamuraA, SekineA, et al.Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐associated colitis with a histology of collagenous colitis. Endoscopy2001;33:629. CrossRef

32. Al‐GhamdiMY, MalatjalianDA, Veldhuyzen van ZantenS. Causation: recurrent collagenous colitis following repeated use of NSAIDs. Can J Gastroenterol2002;16:861.

33. Fernandez‐BanaresF, EsteveM, EspinosJC, et al.Drug consumption and the risk of microscopic colitis. Am J Gastroenterol2007;102:324. CrossRef

34. PignoneM, AndersonGK, BinnsK, et al.Aspirin use among adults aged 40 and older in the United States: results of a national survey. Am J Prev Med2007;32:403. CrossRef

35. YenEF, PokhrelB, DuH, et al.Current and past cigarette smoking significantly increase risk for microscopic colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis2012;18:1835. CrossRef

36. Fernandez‐BanaresF, de SousaMR, SalasA, et al.Epidemiological risk factors in microscopic colitis: a prospective case‐control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis2013;19:411.

37. Fernandez‐BanaresF, de SousaMR, SalasA, et al.Impact of current smoking on the clinical course of microscopic colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis2013;19:1470. CrossRef

38. DubeC, RostomA, SyR, et al.The prevalence of celiac disease in average‐risk and at‐risk Western European populations: a systematic review. Gastroenterology2005;128:S57. CrossRef

39. GreenPH, YangJ, ChengJ, et al.An association between microscopic colitis and celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2009;7:1210. CrossRef

40. FineKD, MeyerRL, LeeEL. The prevalence and causes of chronic diarrhea in patients with celiac sprue treated with a gluten‐free diet. Gastroenterology1997;112:1830. CrossRef

41. BohrJ, TyskC, YangP, et al.Autoantibodies and immunoglobulins in collagenous colitis. Gut1996;39:73. CrossRef

42. FineKD, DoK, SchulteK, et al.High prevalence of celiac sprue‐like HLA‐DQ genes and enteropathy in patients with the microscopic colitis syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol2000;95:1974. CrossRef

43. RamzanNN, ShapiroMS, PashaTM, et al.Is celiac disease associated with microscopic and collagenous colitis?Gastroenterology2001;120 (Suppl):A684. CrossRef

44. LundbergJO, HerulfM, OlesenM, et al.Increased nitric oxide production in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Eur J Clin Invest1997;27:869. CrossRef

45. OlesenM, MiddelveldR, BohrJ, et al.Luminal nitric oxide and epithelial expression of inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol2003;38:66. CrossRef

46. PernerA, AndresenL, NormarkM, et al.Expression of nitric oxide synthases and effects of L‐arginine and L‐NMMA on nitric oxide production and fluid transport in collagenous colitis. Gut2001;49:387. CrossRef

47. Rask‐MadsenJ, GroveO, HansenMG, et al.Colonic transport of water and electrolytes in a patient with secretory diarrhea due to collagenous colitis. Dig Dis Sci1983;28:1141. CrossRef

48. Stahle‐BackdahlM, MaimJ, VeressB, et al.Increased presence of eosinophilic granulocytes expressing transforming growth factor‐beta1 in collagenous colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol2000;35:742. CrossRef

49. GrigaT, TrommA, SchmiegelW, et al.Collagenous colitis: implications for the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in repair mechanisms. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2004;16:397. CrossRef

50. GuntherU, SchuppanD, BauerM, et al.Fibrogenesis and fibrolysis in collagenous colitis. Patterns of procollagen types I and IV, matrix‐metalloproteinase‐1 and ‐13, and TIMP‐1 gene expression. Am J Pathol1999;155:493. CrossRef

51. WidgrenS, JlidiR, CoxJN. Collagenous colitis: histologic, morphometric, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Report of 21 cases. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol1988;413:287. CrossRef

52. GledhillA, ColeFM. Significance of basement membrane thickening in the human colon. Gut1984;25:1085. CrossRef

53. HwangWS, KellyJK, ShafferEA, et al.Collagenous colitis: a disease of pericryptal fibroblast sheath?J Pathol1986;149:33. CrossRef

54. AignerT, NeureiterD, MullerS, et al.Extracellular matrix composition and gene expression in collagenous colitis. Gastroenterology1997;113:136. CrossRef

55. SalasA, Fernandez‐BanaresF, CasalotsJ, et al.Subepithelial myofibroblasts and tenascin expression in microscopic colitis. Histopathology2003;43:48. CrossRef

56. Fernandez‐BanaresF, EsteveM, SalasA, et al.Bile acid malabsorption in microscopic colitis and in previously unexplained functional chronic diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci2001;46:2231. CrossRef

57. BurgelN, BojarskiC, MankertzJ, et al.Mechanisms of diarrhea in collagenous colitis. Gastroenterology2002;123:433. CrossRef

58. UngKA, GillbergR, KilanderA, et al.Role of bile acids and bile acid binding agents in patients with collagenous colitis. Gut2000;46:170. CrossRef

59. UngKA, KilanderA, NilssonO, et al.Long‐term course in collagenous colitis and the impact of bile acid malabsorption and bile acid sequestrants on histopathology and clinical features. Scand J Gastroenterol2001;36:601. CrossRef

60. PhullPS, VijayanB, BissetWM, et al.Familial collagenous colitis involving a 6‐year old child. J Crohns Colitis2012;6:606. CrossRef

61. JarnerotG, HertervigE, GrannoC, et al.Familial occurrence of microscopic colitis: a report on five families. Scand J Gastroenterol2001;36:959. CrossRef

62. ThomsonA, KayeG. Further report of familial occurrence of collagenous colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol2002;37:1116. CrossRef

63. van TilburgAJ, LamHG, SeldenrijkCA, et al.Familial occurrence of collagenous colitis. A report of two families. J Clin Gastroenterol1990;12:279. CrossRef

64. BohrJ, TyskC, ErikssonS, et al.Collagenous colitis: a retrospective study of clinical presentation and treatment in 163 patients. Gut1996;39:846. CrossRef

65. MadischA, HeymerP, VossC, et al.Oral budesonide therapy improves quality of life in patients with collagenous colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis2005;20:312. CrossRef

66. SailerM, BussenD, DebusES, et al.Quality of life in patients with benign anorectal disorders. Br J Surg1998;85:1716. CrossRef

67. BarratC, CapellutoE, CathelineJM, et al.Quality of life 2 years after laparoscopic total fundoplication: a prospective study. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech2001;11:347. CrossRef

68. HjortswangH, TyskC, BohrJ, et al.Defining clinical criteria for clinical remission and disease activity in collagenous colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis2009;15:1875. CrossRef

69. BaertF, WoutersK, D'HaensG, et al.Lymphocytic colitis: a distinct clinical entity? A clinicopathological confrontation of lymphocytic and collagenous colitis. Gut1999;45:375. CrossRef

70. MiehlkeS, HeymerP, BethkeB, et al.Budesonide treatment for collagenous colitis: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial. Gastroenterology2002;123:978. CrossRef

71. BonderupOK, HansenJB, Birket‐SmithL, et al.Budesonide treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with morphometric analysis. Gut2003;52:248. CrossRef

72. BaertF, SchmitA, D'HaensG, et al.Budesonide in collagenous colitis: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial with histologic follow‐up. Gastroenterology2002;122:20. CrossRef

73. MiehlkeS, MadischA, KarimiD, et al.Budesonide is effective in treating lymphocytic colitis: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study. Gastroenterology2009;136:2092. CrossRef

74. MiehlkeS, MadischA, BethkeB, et al.Oral budesonide for maintenance treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Gastroenterology2008;135:1510. CrossRef

75. BonderupOK, HansenJB, TeglbjaergPS, et al.Long‐term budesonide treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Gut2009;58:68. CrossRef

76. LongstrethGF, ThompsonWG, CheyWD, et al.Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology2006;130:1480. CrossRef

77. CheyWD, NojkovB, RubensteinJH, et al.The yield of colonoscopy in patients with non‐constipated irritable bowel syndrome: results from a prospective, controlled US trial. Am J Gastroenterol2010;105:859. CrossRef

78. AbboudR, PardiDS, TremaineWJ, et al.Symptomatic overlap between microscopic colitis and irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Inflamm Bowel Dis2006;19:550. CrossRef

79. FineKD, LeeEL. Efficacy of open‐label bismuth subsalicylate for the treatment of microscopic colitis. Gastroenterology1998;114:29. CrossRef

80. OlesenM, ErikssonS, BohrJ, et al.Lymphocytic colitis: a retrospective clinical study of 199 Swedish patients. Gut2004;53:536. CrossRef

81. CalabreseC, FabbriA, AreniA, et al.Mesalazine with or without cholestyramine in the treatment of microscopic colitis: randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol2007;22:809. CrossRef

82. MiehlkeS, MadischA, KupcinskasL, et al.Double‐blind, double‐dummy, randomized, placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial of budesonide and mesalamine in collagenous colitis. Gastroenterology2012;142:S‐211. CrossRef

83. BaertF, SchmitA, D'HaensG, et al.Budesonide in collagenous colitis: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial with histologic follow‐up. Gastroenterology2002;122:20. CrossRef

84. PardiDS, LoftusEVJr, TremaineWJ, et al.A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of budesonide for the treatment of active lymphocytic colitis.Gastroenterology2009;136:A519. CrossRef

85. StewartMJ, SeowCH, StorrMA. Prednisolone and budesonide for short‐ and long‐term treatment of microscopic colitis: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2011;9:881. CrossRef

86. AbdallaAA, FaubionWA, LoftusEVJr, et al.The natural history of microscopic colitis treated with corticosteroids. Gastroenterology2008;134:A121. CrossRef

87. MunckLK, KjeldsenJ, PhilipsenE, et al.Incomplete remission with short‐term prednisolone treatment in collagenous colitis: a randomized study. Scand J Gastroenterol2003;38:606. CrossRef

88. GentileNM, AbdallaAA, KhannaS, et al.Outcomes of patients with microscopic colitis treated with corticosteroids: a population‐based study. Am J Gastroenterol2013;108:256. CrossRef

89. MunchA, Fernandez‐BanaresF, MunckLK. Azathioprine and mercaptopurine in the management of patients with chronic, active microscopic colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2013;37:795. CrossRef

90. MunchA, IgnatovaS, StromM. Adalimumab in budesonide and methotrexate refractory collagenous colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol2012;47:59. CrossRef

91. JarnerotG, BohrJ, TyskC, et al.Faecal stream diversion in patients with collagenous colitis. Gut1996;38:154. CrossRef

92. WilliamsRA, GelfandDV. Total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis to successfully treat a patient with collagenous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol2000;95:2147. CrossRef

93. VargheseL, GalandiukS, TremaineWJ, et al.Lymphocytic colitis treated with proctocolectomy and ileal J‐pouch‐anal anastomosis: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum2002;45:123. CrossRef

94. ShenB, BennettAE, FazioVW, et al.Collagenous pouchitis. Dig Liver Dis2006;38:704. CrossRef

95. YenEF, PokhrelB, BianchiLK, et al.Decreased colorectal cancer and adenoma risk in patients with microscopic colitis. Dig Dis Sci2012;57:161. CrossRef

96. FreemanHJ. Lymphoproliferative and intestinal malignancies in 214 patients with biopsy‐defined celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol2004;38:429. CrossRef

97. GrohV, SteinleA, BauerS, et al.Recognition of stress‐induced MHC molecules by intestinal epithelial gammadelta T cells. Science1998;279:1737. CrossRef

98. GirardiM, OppenheimDE, SteeleCR, et al.Regulation of cutaneous malignancy by gammadelta T cells. Science2001;294:605. CrossRef

99. AlyaqoubFS, TaoL, KramerPM, et al.Prevention of mouse lung tumors and modulation of DNA methylation by combined treatment with budesonide and R115777 (Zarnestra MT). Carcinogenesis2007;28:124. CrossRef

100. SchoonEJ, BollaniS, MillsPR, et al.Bone mineral density in relation to efficacy and side effects of budesonide and prednisolone in Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2005;3:113. CrossRef

101. SonnenbergA, GentaRM. Geographic distributions of microscopic colitis and inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Inflamm Bowel Dis2012;18:2288. CrossRef

102. VigrenL, OlesenM, BenoniC, et al.An epidemiological study of collagenous colitis in southern Sweden from 20012010. World J Gastroenterol2012;18:2821. CrossRef

103. YanBM, ShafferEA. Primary eosinophilic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Gut2009;58:721. CrossRef

104. LeeJH, ParkHY, ChoeYH, et al.The development of eosinophilic colitis after liver transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant2007;11:518. CrossRef

105. AshidaT, ShimadaT, KawanishiK, et al.Eosinophilic colitis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Int J Hematol2003;78:76. CrossRef

106. KaurG, RajSM, NaingNN. Trichuriasis: localized inflammatory responses in the colon. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health2002;33:224.

107. KrishnamurthyS, SamantaD, YadavS. Trichuris dysentery syndrome with eosinophilic leukemoid reaction mimicking inflammatory bowel disease. J Postgrad Med2009;55:76. CrossRef

108. GeboesK, el‐DosokyI, el‐WahabA, et al.The immunopathology of Schistosoma mansoni granulomas in human colonic schistosomiasis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol1990;416:527. CrossRef

109. HurrellJM, GentaRM, MeltonSD. Histopathologic diagnosis of eosinophilic conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. Adv Anat Pathol2011;18:335. CrossRef

110. UzunismailH, HatemiI, DogusoyG, et al.Dense eosinophilic infiltration of the mucosa preceding ulcerative colitis and mimicking eosinophilic colitis: report of two cases. Turk J Gastroenterol2006;17:53.

111. KatsanosKH, ZinovievaE, LambriE, et al.Eosinophilic‐Crohn overlap colitis and review of the literature. J Crohns Colitis2011;5:256. CrossRef

112. ShepherdNA, BlackshawAJ, HallPA, et al.Malignant lymphoma with eosinophilia of the gastrointestinal tract. Histopathology1987;11:115. CrossRef

113. RothenbergME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). J Allergy Clin Immunol2004;113:11, quiz 9. CrossRef

114. MaloneyJ, Nowak‐WegrzynA. Educational clinical case series for pediatric allergy and immunology: allergic proctocolitis, food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome and allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis with protein‐losing gastroenteropathy as manifestations of non‐IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol2007;18:360. CrossRef

115. GuajardoJR, PlotnickLM, FendeJM, et al.Eosinophil‐associated gastrointestinal disorders: a world‐wide‐web based registry. J Pediatr2002;141:576. CrossRef

116. KweonMN, YamamotoM, KajikiM, et al.Systemically derived large intestinal CD4(+) Th2 cells play a central role in STAT6‐mediated allergic diarrhea. J Clin Invest2000;106:199. CrossRef

117. ErtugrulI, UlkerA, TurhanN, et al.Eosinophilic colitis as an unusual cause of severe bloody diarrhea. Turk J Gastroenterol2008;19:54.

118. LowichikA, WeinbergAG. A quantitative evaluation of mucosal eosinophils in the pediatric gastrointestinal tract. Mod Pathol1996;9:110.

119. AlfaddaAA, StorrMA, ShafferEA. Eosinophilic colitis: an update on pathophysiology and treatment. Br Med Bull2011;100:59. CrossRef

120. BehjatiS, ZilbauerM, HeuschkelR, et al.Defining eosinophilic colitis in children: insights from a retrospective case series. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2009;49:208. CrossRef

121. ChenMJ, ChuCH, LinSC, et al.Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: clinical experience with 15 patients. World J Gastroenterol2003;9:2813. CrossRef

122. TanAC, KruimelJW, NaberTH. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis treated with non‐enteric‐coated budesonide tablets. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2001;13:425. CrossRef

123. BischoffSC. Role of mast cells in allergic and non‐allergic immune responses: comparison of human and murine data. Nat Rev Immunol2007;7:93. CrossRef

124. BarbaraG, StanghelliniV, De GiorgioR, et al.Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology2004;126:693. CrossRef

125. BarbaraG, StanghelliniV, De GiorgioR, et al.Functional gastrointestinal disorders and mast cells: implications for therapy. Neurogastroenterol Motil2006;18:6. CrossRef

126. Ogilvie‐McDanielC, BlaissM, OsbornFD, et al.Mastocytic enterocolitis: a newly described mast cell entity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol2008;101:645. CrossRef

127. StefaniniGF, SaggioroA, AlvisiV, et al.Oral cromolyn sodium in comparison with elimination diet in the irritable bowel syndrome, diarrheic type. Multicenter study of 428 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol1995;30:535. CrossRef

128. LunardiC, BambaraLM, BiasiD, et al.Double‐blind cross‐over trial of oral sodium cromoglycate in patients with irritable bowel syndrome due to food intolerance. Clin Exp Allergy1991;21:569. CrossRef

129. PaganelliR, FagioloU, CancianM, et al.Intestinal permeability in irritable bowel syndrome. Effect of diet and sodium cromoglycate administration. Ann Allergy1990;64:377.

130. ClouseRE, LustmanPJ, GeismanRA, et al.Antidepressant therapy in 138 patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a five‐year clinical experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther1994;8:409. CrossRef

131. WallonC, YangPC, KeitaAV, et al.Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) regulates macromolecular permeability via mast cells in normal human colonic biopsies in vitro. Gut2008;57:50. CrossRef

132. van der KleijHP, MaD, RedegeldFA, et al.Functional expression of neurokinin 1 receptors on mast cells induced by IL‐4 and stem cell factor. J Immunol2003;171:2074. CrossRef

133. BuenoL, FioramontiJ, DelvauxM, et al.Mediators and pharmacology of visceral sensitivity: from basic to clinical investigations. Gastroenterology1997;112:1714. CrossRef

134. CollinsSM. The immunomodulation of enteric neuromuscular function: implications for motility and inflammatory disorders. Gastroenterology1996;111:1683. CrossRef

135. WoodJD. Enteric neuroimmunophysiology and pathophysiology. Gastroenterology2004;127:635. CrossRef

136. JakateS, DemeoM, JohnR, et al.Mastocytic enterocolitis: increased mucosal mast cells in chronic intractable diarrhea. Arch Pathol Lab Med2006;130:362.

137. SchmidtGT, Lennard‐JonesJE, MorsonBC, et al.Crohn's disease of the colon and its distinction from diverticulitis. Gut1968;9:7. CrossRef

138. MakapugayLM, DeanPJ. Diverticular disease‐associated chronic colitis. Am J Surg Pathol1996;20:94. CrossRef

139. TursiA, InchingoloCD, NennaR, et al.Pattern of mucosal tumor necrosis factor‐alpha expression in segmental colitis associated with diverticula suggests a truly autonomous clinical entity. Inflamm Bowel Dis2008;14:1315. CrossRef

140. HassanC, ZulloA, IerardiE, et al.Tumour necrosis factor alpha downregulation and therapeutic response to infliximab in a case of segmental colitis associated with diverticula. Gut2006;55:589. CrossRef

141. FreemanHJ. Natural history and long‐term clinical behavior of segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis (SCAD syndrome). Dig Dis Sci2008;53:2452. CrossRef

142. GlotzerDJ, GlickME, GoldmanH. Proctitis and colitis following diversion of the fecal stream. Gastroenterology1981;80:438.

143. WhelanRL, AbramsonD, KimDS, et al.Diversion colitis. A prospective study. Surg Endosc1994;8:19. CrossRef

144. EdwardsCM, GeorgeB, WarrenB. Diversion colitis – new light through old windows. Histopathology1999;34:1. CrossRef

145. RoedigerWE. The starved colon – diminished mucosal nutrition, diminished absorption, and colitis. Dis Colon Rectum1990;33:858. CrossRef

146. NeutC, ColombelJF, GuillemotF, et al.Impaired bacterial flora in human excluded colon. Gut1989;30:1094. CrossRef

147. SonDN, ChoiDJ, WooSU, et al.Relationship between diversion colitis and quality of life in rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol2013;19:542. CrossRef

148. HarigJM, SoergelKH, KomorowskiRA, et al.Treatment of diversion colitis with short‐chain‐fatty acid irrigation. N Engl J Med1989;320:23. CrossRef

149. MadiganMR, MorsonBC. Solitary ulcer of the rectum. Gut1969;10:871. CrossRef

150. NeutC, GuillemotF, Gower‐RousseauC, et al.[Treatment of diversion colitis with short‐chain fatty acids. Bacteriological study]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol1995;19:871.

151. GuillemotF, ColombelJF, NeutC, et al.Treatment of diversion colitis by short‐chain fatty acids. Prospective and double‐blind study. Dis Colon Rectum1991;34:861. CrossRef

152. MurrayFE, O'BrienMJ, BirkettDH, et al.Diversion colitis. Pathologic findings in a resected sigmoid colon and rectum. Gastroenterology1987;93:1404.

153. ShararaAI, AzarC, AmrSS, et al.Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: endoscopic spectrum and review of the literature. Gastrointest Endosc2005;62:755. CrossRef

154. ParksAG, PorterNH, HardcastleJ. The syndrome of the descending perineum. Proc R Soc Med1966;59:477.

155. AbidS, KhawajaA, BhimaniSA, et al.The clinical, endoscopic and histological spectrum of the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: a single‐center experience of 116 cases. BMC Gastroenterol2012;12:72. CrossRef

156. TjandraJJ, FazioVW, ChurchJM, et al.Clinical conundrum of solitary rectal ulcer. Dis Colon Rectum1992;35:227. CrossRef

157. GoeiR, BaetenC, ArendsJW. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: findings at barium enema study and defecography. Radiology1988;168:303. CrossRef

158. HalliganS, NichollsRJ, BartramCI. Proctographic changes after rectopexy for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and preoperative predictive factors for a successful outcome. Br J Surg1995;82:314. CrossRef

159. EderleA, BulighinG, OrlandiPG, et al.Endoscopic application of human fibrin sealant in the treatment of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Endoscopy1992;24:736. CrossRef

160. JarrettME, EmmanuelAV, VaizeyCJ, et al.Behavioural therapy (biofeedback) for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome improves symptoms and mucosal blood flow. Gut2004;53:368. CrossRef

161. MarchalF, BreslerL, BrunaudL, et al.Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: a series of 13 patients operated with a mean follow‐up of 4.5 years. Int J Colorectal Dis2001;16:228. CrossRef

162. SitzlerPJ, KammMA, NichollsRJ, et al.Long‐term clinical outcome of surgery for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Br J Surg1998;85:1246. CrossRef

163. NichollsRJ, SimsonJN. Anteroposterior rectopexy in the treatment of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome without overt rectal prolapse. Br J Surg1986;73:222. CrossRef

164. van den Brandt‐GradelV, HuibregtseK, TytgatGN. Treatment of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome with high‐fiber diet and abstention of straining at defecation. Dig Dis Sci1984;29:1005. CrossRef

165. MaloufAJ, VaizeyCJ, KammMA. Results of behavioral treatment (biofeedback) for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum2001;44:72. CrossRef

166. ChakravarttyS, ChangA, Nunoo‐MensahJ. A systematic review of stercoral perforation. Colorectal Dis2013;15:930. CrossRef

167. CappellMS. Colonic toxicity of administered drugs and chemicals. Am J Gastroenterol2004;99:1175. CrossRef

168. GleesonMH, DavisAJ. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, aspirin and newly diagnosed colitis: a case‐control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2003;17:817. CrossRef

169. PuspokA, KienerHP, OberhuberG. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic spectrum of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced lesions in the colon. Dis Colon Rectum2000;43:685. CrossRef

170. KuraharaK, MatsumotoT, IidaM, et al.Clinical and endoscopic features of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced colonic ulcerations. Am J Gastroenterol2001;96:473. CrossRef

171. SelbstMK, AhrensWA, RobertME, et al.Spectrum of histologic changes in colonic biopsies in patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Mod Pathol2009;22:737.

172. DalleIJ, MaesBD, GeboesKP, et al.Crohn's‐like changes in the colon due to mycophenolate?Colorectal Dis2005;7:27. CrossRef

173. JubanyikKJ, ComiteF. Extrapelvic endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am1997;24:411. CrossRef

174. BaileyHR, OttMT, HartendorpP. Aggressive surgical management for advanced colorectal endometriosis. Dis Colon Rectum1994;37:747. CrossRef

175. PrystowskyJB, StrykerSJ, UjikiGT, et al.Gastrointestinal endometriosis. Incidence and indications for resection. Arch Surg1988;123:855. CrossRef

176. WeedJC, RayJE. Endometriosis of the bowel. Obstet Gynecol1987;69:727.

177. WilliamsTJ, PrattJH. Endometriosis in 1,000 consecutive celiotomies: incidence and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol1977;129:245.

178. MeulemanC, TomassettiC, D'HooreA, et al.Surgical treatment of deeply infiltrating endometriosis with colorectal involvement. Hum Reprod Update2011;17:311. CrossRef

179. De CeglieA, BilardiC, BlanchiS, et al.Acute small bowel obstruction caused by endometriosis: a case report and review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol2008;14:3430. CrossRef

180. HudelistG, EnglishJ, ThomasAE, et al.Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound for non‐invasive diagnosis of bowel endometriosis: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol2011;37:257. CrossRef

181. BazotM, LafontC, RouzierR, et al.Diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, transvaginal sonography, rectal endoscopic sonography, and magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril2009;92:1825. CrossRef

182. PikettyM, ChopinN, DoussetB, et al.Preoperative work‐up for patients with deeply infiltrating endometriosis: transvaginal ultrasonography must definitely be the first‐line imaging examination. Hum Reprod2009;24:602. CrossRef

183. FerreroS, CameriniG, RagniN, et al.Norethisterone acetate in the treatment of colorectal endometriosis: a pilot study. Hum Reprod2010;25:94. CrossRef

184. Cardona ZorrillaAF, Reveiz HeraultL, CasasbuenasA, et al.Systematic review of case reports concerning adults suffering from neutropenic enterocolitis. Clin Transl Oncol2006;8:31. CrossRef

185. UrbachDR, RotsteinOD. Typhlitis. Can J Surg1999;42:415.

186. CroninCG, O'ConnorM, LohanDG, et al.Imaging of the gastrointestinal complications of systemic chemotherapy. Clin Radiol2009;64:724. CrossRef

187. GorschluterM, MeyU, StrehlJ, et al.Invasive fungal infections in neutropenic enterocolitis: a systematic analysis of pathogens, incidence, treatment and mortality in adult patients. BMC Infect Dis2006;6:35. CrossRef

188. KossLG. Abdominal gas cysts (pneumatosis cystoides intestinorum hominis); an analysis with a report of a case and a critical review of the literature. AMA Arch Pathol1952;53:523.

189. HengY, SchufflerMD, HaggittRC, et al.Pneumatosis intestinalis: a review. Am J Gastroenterol1995;90:1747.

190. CaudillJL, RoseBS. The role of computed tomography in the evaluation of pneumatosis intestinalis. J Clin Gastroenterol1987;9:223. CrossRef

191. KnechtleSJ, DavidoffAM, RiceRP. Pneumatosis intestinalis. Surgical management and clinical outcome. Ann Surg1990;212:160. CrossRef

192. JohnstonBT, McFarlandRJ. Elemental diet in the treatment of pneumatosis coli. Scand J Gastroenterol1995;30:1224. CrossRef

193. MastersonJS, FratkinLB, OslerTR, et al.Treatment of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Surg1978;187:245. CrossRef